Customer and Zara Essay

First of all, Inditex tries to tackle cannibalization by differentiating the brands mainly through the product, target markets (customer groups and countries), store presentation and retail image. And in 2008, the percentage of the growth in sales compared to 2007 is 9%, it means that Zara has been successful by meeting the ‘risk of cannibalization’. Compare with the other competitors, Inditex has some advantages. For example, the first one is the repeat visits. An average high-street store in Spain expects customers to visit 3 times a year, but that figure will be up to 17 times for Zara. And Zara can offer considerably more products than similar companies. It launches about 30,000 model items .annually compared with 10,000 items for its key competitors. Zara is also good at the speed. The company can design a new product and have finished goods in its stores in four to five weeks; it can modify existing items in as little as two weeks. In my opinion, the key point of them is making more repeat visits. For achieve this purpose, ZARA uses two methods- Shortening the product life cycle, â€Å"More model and less quantity.† Shortening the product life cycle means greater success in meeting consumer preferences. If a design doesn’t sell well within a week it is withdrawn from shops, further orders are cancelled and a new design is pursued. No design stays on the shop floor for more than four weeks, which encourages Zara fans to make repeat visits. As you know, we can usually find that there are only two or three pieces of each model in Zara’s shops. And they won’t replenish when its sold out. Like the limited release of stamp increase its value. It has increased more fans of Zara by this way. The most important is that Zara has the ability to recognize and assimilate the continuous changes in fashion, rapidly designing new models that respond to customer needs and wants. Zara uses its flexible business model to adapt to changes occurring during a season, reacting to them by bringing new products to the stores in a short time. For Zara the keys to global competitiveness are the time factor and the ability to adapt the offer precisely and quickly to the customer desires. I think this is the reason why Zara can be successful by meeting the â€Å"risk of cannibalization†.

Management and Leadership Paper

Management and Leadership Paper Leadership and management are the two most confused terms in the corporate world. These are the two expressions used interchangeably in the corporate parlance. One is thought to be the replacement of the other. However, managers and leaders are two different spheres of organizational culture with one sphere, at some places, overlapping the other. These two together make the organizational culture and are responsible for its health. We will look at the various aspects of leadership and management with respect to the company GE (General Electric) and see how the two integrate while maintaining the disparity to make this organization number one enterprise and the best training school for future leaders and managers. Management Vs Leadership â€Å"Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things† The above quote by Peter F. Drucker sums up beautifully the essence of leadership and management. Management involves the tactical aspect of day to day running of a function. A manager gets the power to direct the subordinates by the virtue of the position being held. He/she typically carries out the responsibilities laid out by the organization for him/her. A manager is more of a problem solver and takes care of work areas relating to people management, time management, decision making etc. A leader on the other hand is more of a visionary. He has the ability to energize others and is self motivated and self driven. He sets the vision for his organization and has the power to influence the people to walk the path he has envisaged. However, there are places where a person needs to have both management and leadership skills. A manager in a team role would need leadership skills to influence his team members and get work done from them. Similarly, a leader needs to have management skills to be able to execute his vision. Hence, success of an organization would require people with a blend of both virtues. What role they play would depend on the percentage of each character in the individual. Leadership and management roles case study – GE GE has acquired its leadership legacy from Jack Welch, one of the greatest leaders of all times to come. He propagated a leadership style alien to the organizations of the time he took over GE’s reigns and changed the organization culture completely. Jack’s major success as a leader was due to his concept of â€Å"boundary less thinking†. This is how he grew an American manufacturing company into a services giant spread across 100 countries all across the globe (beginnersinvest. about. com ). One of the evidences of this â€Å"boundaryless† culture can be seen in Jack’s initiation of e-business. He connected the company directly to the suppliers as well as the customers electronically. This helped in quick information flow and instant resolution to the customer’s woes (answers. com). The managers here also followed this behavior as propagated by the leadership. This can be seen by the enthusiasm they took in taking up 6-sigma quality projects and delivered immense profits when Welch initiated the six sigma drive to reap benefits of the quality initiative. The managers enthusiastically followed their leader and undertook rigorous quality trainings, learned from each other’s experiences and further fired the six sigma drive. In fact, the benefits derived from this vision of Welch and the immense participation by the managers all across the businesses lead to a productivity gains of $320 million in 1997 and even more at around $750 million in 1998 (beginnersinvest. about. com ). Developing leaders was an important strategy of Welch as this always ensured a lineage of good leadership for the company. To fulfill this vision he had setup a leadership development school at Crotonville. He used this school as a means of encouraging â€Å"boudaryless† culture as well as a forum for â€Å"best practice sharing† as managers from various businesses would share their experiences both theoretical and practical and use the learning from these class room sessions to improve their respective businesses. However, some of the managers from â€Å"previous era† were not very enthusiastic about participation in these sessions. So, Welch started what he called â€Å"work-out† sessions. The managers would not be included in these discussions which were facilitated by academic people hired from outside the organization. After discussing the problems and solutions within the work-out group, the points were then discussed with the concerned managers there and then and they had to decide about whether to accept the solutions or give their view points against them and provide better options or to setup a plan to execute in phases (answers. com). Finally, these sessions became a way of resolving problems and involving employee participation and are still being used by managers to solve issues. Managers were the key messengers of the leadership to propagate and implement their messages. Managers were encouraged to come up with new ideas and were invited to Crotonville to proudly share ideas in front of Welch and the proficient executive team of GE (answers. com). Jack spread the concept of informality in the organization. He would send personal notes to people wherever possible. On of his managers once turned down a promotion because of his inability to shift from the location where he was presently working. Jack wrote him a personal note which went as follows: †We like you for a lot of reasons–one of them is that you are a very special person. You proved it again this morning. Good for you and your lucky family. Make Diamonds a great business and keep your priorities straight. † (beginnersinvest. about. com). Woodburn was immensely moved by this as he said †It showed me he cared about me not as a manager but as a person . That means a lot. ‘ (beginnersinvest. about. com). From the discussion above, we can understand how leadership differs from the management at GE. The leaders here are visionaries and the managers support their vision by following and propagating their ideas. Managers here are experts in their areas of operation while the leaders groom them to be future leaders. There were times, though, when the managers were not ready for the change their leader was propagating. The leaders have the capability of finding ways of getting their vision implemented which is evident from the work-out sessions idea of Welch. Recommendations for achieving a healthy work culture in an organization The growth curve and sustainability of an organization is highly influenced by its work culture. The key to everlasting success is to nurture the spirit of high business ethics in the organization. Where leaders and managers succumb to unethical dealings to spur growth, the organization is bound reach a fatal end soon. Thus, with undeterred focus on values, the leaders can create a transparent and healthy work environment. Another important strategy to achieve positive organizational culture is not to put pounding pressure on the people to perform. The undue pressure caused by Jack’s aggressive vision, lead people to resort to unethical means to deliver results. GE was at one time weighed down by scandals like the Kidder, Peabody & Co. bond-trading scam of the 90’s which resulted in bogus profits (beginnersinvest. about. com). Works Cited Kotelnikov, Vadim. 25 Lessons from Jack Welch. February 16, 2010. http://www. 1000ventures. com/business_guide/mgmt_new-model_25lessons-welch. html coach4growth. com. Leadership vs. Management: What are the Characteristics of a Leader and a Manager. 2007. February 16, 2010. http://www. coach4growth. com/good-leadership-skills/leadershipvmanagement. html beginnersinvest. about. com. How Jack Welch runs GE. May 28, 1998. February 16, 2010. http://beginnersinvest. about. com/gi/o. htm? zi=1/XJ/Ya=1=beginnersinvest=money=22=160_651_610_315=10=14=1=1=http%3A//www. businessweek. com/1998/23/b3581001. htm answers. com. Business Biographies: Jack Welch. 2010. February 16, 2010. http://www. answers. com/topic/jack-welch

Texts in Time: Heart of Darkness vs Blood Diamond

Leukocytes Salmon's situation he schemes to use him to get his hands on an extremely valuable diamond; the Diamond of Salmon's eye (his son Did) for the large conflict stone. During the first half of the movie Danny is inconsiderate and self-centered; however he is influenced by Salmon's love, Maydays passion and Benjamin philosophy and slowly transforms into thoughtful man who can see further than the simplistic principles of greed and wealth. 010 Troy Greater pappy, but at great cost to the African civilians. But now we know the truth and we're not so happy anymore. We should thank Kick for opening our eyes and questioning how far is too far? An obsession with wealth is the driving force for not only antagonists Captain Poison and Van De Kappa but for the star-of-the-show, Danny Archer, too. Danny was born in Rhodesia, the country we know today as Zanzibar and lost his parents when he was seven. His mother was violated before murdered along with his father and Danny was adopted int o he army.After serving his country and being robbed of his family and childhood he felt he deserved to be wealthy and became involved in the illicit diamond trade. As he never had the opportunity to value something other than money, wealth was his highest priority. Lear inning o f Of course, these particular stories are fictional, but they have been created to inform us that these horrific events happen, and have been taking place for over one hundred years. Kick as described his movie as ‘holding up a error to the world, to remind the world of itself, even if this image is unflattering. He has commented shifts in the paradigm only come about when people are willing to do this. Conrad and Kicks works comment on values like wealth, power and family and issues such as exploitation, discrimination and violence. In both stories something small like the desire for a sparkly ring can have a powerful and ongoing unintended effect. The film's negative situations and human suffering a re meant to outrage us so hat we will take action, thereby producing a positive outcome from the film.This is true for Conrad and Kicks creations, as a single book/ movie has sparked awareness of the horror and inspired people to reach out and make a change. Please Join us in our crusade for a brighter future. Feature Article Not So Crystal Clear The truth about diamonds and proof our values haven't changed in one hundred years. BY HOLLY SMITH Over time, our core values have remained relatively unchanged, even if attitudes towards them now differ.

Band of Outsiders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Band of Outsiders - Essay Example The movie was one of the finest ever work by Jean-Luc Godard. It was a lyrical tragic comedy, perhaps was one of the Godard's most charming film. The screenplay was written by the director Jean-Luc Godard, and was based on the famous novel Fool’s Gold by Dolores Hitchens. The screenplay was the firm and strong base for the movie. The depth and contents of the movie supported the movie to became the Godard’s one of the best works. The scenes of the movie like the climax scene, a silence after the trio crowded in the cafe and many other scenes had made a significant and narrative effect on the viewers and the critics. These scenes created the essence of the brilliant direction and screenplay for turning the movie into an excellent work in all the fields like direction, screenplay, editing and others. The Band of Outsiders was known for its most superfluous work from the Jean-Luc, as compared to his other work like Breathless and others. From this movie, the Godard turned himself towards the low-scale movie which turned to be a fruitful step later in his film career. The direction made the haul for viewer to watch the long takes in the movie. The depth that had been created by the director in the movie was accordingly to synchronize the momentum of the movie. The long takes in the movie were outstanding creation work exactly from the director Jean-Luc Goddard. The dance scenes in Band of Outsiders were very much grand, although it was a playful and it came out of nowhere, it really did add a lot to the story. The strong point of the movie were the story, the scenes, the direction and these sorts of scenes. In the movie, the two men and the lady were dancing we heard the music cut off and a narrator come over. The narration produced a soothing effect on the viewer even at that time and also up to the present. The director Jean-Luc had tremendously worked out and described what each character was truly feeling as they looked like in the movie that they were having fun and dancing in a cafe. This small element made the viewers to think, what the characters were really thinking as they walked along and talked to each other for the rest of the film. In the movie, it was described simply that simple, but it added a lot of depths. The viewer would then add in the depth himself. This was some great stuff and was one of the many reasons, why Band of Outsiders was one of the excellent efforts from the direction point of view for putting the sensual effects in the movie. Band of Outsiders was the most poetic work from Godard's early films. This was due in large part to the voiceover narration, read by Godard himself, as the screenplay was written by the Godard himself. When the film's celebrated Madison scene, Godard cut out the music and relates the characters' thoughts, as the character Odile wondered if the men could see her breasts moving under the sweater. Arthur thought of Odile, dreaming of her

Philosophy - 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Philosophy - 2 - Essay Example In the earlier days, when monarchy, autocracy and other form of government was the norm, people had to obey to all the laws of the land including unfair and draconian laws and any opposition will land them in trouble. Individuals tended to obey the laws even if it was unfair to them from the moral and personal point of view also. This what Socrates did, when he was unfairly accused of committing crimes against the State. Although, he valiantly fought against the charges throughout, in the end he accepted the State’s verdict and did not indulge in any ‘unlawful’ activities which would have given him personal freedom. So, this paper will analyze why Socrates was right to obey the orders of the state of Athens to take poison, by using Socrates’ arguments. The paper will then discuss how his decision would be supported by a Buddhist Socrates, one of the profound intellectuals the world has seen, was accused by three persons of committing civil crimes against the state, for which he was sentenced to death. Socrates was accused by Anytus, a poet, powerful politician Meletus and Lycon, a supposed orator. He was mainly indicted for being a ‘hyper curious’ person and for being an atheist, who is corrupting the youth. However, Socrates vouched and countered that he did not commit any mistakes against the state and cannot be considered as an enemy of the state. Socrates while refuting both the charges, firstly counters the charge of being a â€Å"hyper curious† person who is accused of spreading misinformation. That is, out of curiosity and not due to any ulterior motives, Socrates made inquiries about the origins and functioning of the earth and sky, which is quite contrary to the beliefs of the state or the kingdom. Socrates did not take the stance of an authority who knows and tells, but rather the stance of an inquirer who is curious and open to the ideas of others (Grube). The other charge

Tesla Motors Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tesla Motors - Assignment Example The firm also markets electric power train components that include lithium ion battery packs to the firms making autos such as Toyota and Daimler. The chief executive officer focuses on making the tesla firm to be an independent automaker that aims at eventual offers thus making the cars affordable to the average consumer. This facilitates the selling of the products to a greater percentage of people due to the high demand from its affordability. The tesla motors core business is designing, manufacturing, and selling of electric automobiles. This is facilitated by the concept of embracing the modern technology that also promotes innovative ideas and activities. Yes, the company is diversified in developing complementary activities such as provision of charging points for the electric motors. They also deal will the designing and manufacturing of batteries that are for replacement when the initial ones are wasted. The scope of the activities from the tesla motors is felt both locally and internationally (Cheney, Margaret, Robert, & Jim, 76). It focuses on the concept of limiting pollution of the environment and air by lack of pollution from the engines of motors that use either petrol or diesel. The idea is ideal for hindering the effects that cause global warming. Prevention of global warming is appropriate for boosting agricultural production that is the main backbone of gross domestic product. The main characteristics of the industry are ideas from the perspective of electricity. They include the activities such as structuring engines that are computerized, the use of chargeable batteries, and promoting emission free automobiles. These characteristics are due to the appropriate embrace of the modern technological activities in the production sector. The tesla motors incorporation is an organization that has not yet fully establish in the competitive market. This is due to the

Cyber Security Information Technology Research Paper

Cyber Security Information Technology - Research Paper Example Their motives are divergent, with some being political while others are just for malicious purposes. This has prompted various government and security agencies to intervene in order to rescue the situation. This paper will analyze cyber security, those likely to be involved in network hacking and the role of the government in protecting infrastructures vulnerable to cyber attacks. Difference between information assurance and cyber security There is a distinct difference between information assurance and cyber security. On one hand, information assurance entails putting in place measures that protect information and information systems, which ensures their availability, reliability, non-repudiation and discretion (Westfall, 2011). The information may either be electronic or general information within an organization. While dealing with electronic information, the system must be able to address the confidentiality concerns, by either introducing passwords or physically protecting the h ardware. Likewise, the information system must be in a position to monitor all the information and direct it to the legitimate users (The national Technical Authority for Information Assurance, 2011). Broadly, information assurance aims at ensuring that information moves to the right person at the right time and place. On the other hand, cyber security involves the effort of the organization or individuals to protect valuable information through preventing, detecting and even responding to prevailing threats. In cyber security, most of the attacks are online, since the process involves the use of the internet, although physical safety is necessary due to the protection of hardware involved in the transmission of information. Some of the threats involved are more serious, although this is subject to the ability of the organization to deal with them (McDowell & Householder, 2009). There are two broad categories of cyber attacks. One is when an attacker studies the security of the syst em and develops malicious programs to destroy the servers. The other attack is the zero-day attack, in which case the attacker bombards the system even before implementing the security measures (Fujiwara, 2006). Potential hackers and their motives Hackers have varied reasons for hacking into a cyber network. It is important to note that anyone can qualify to be a hacker, as long as there is an intention to access private information without permission. The leading cyber threat involves the financial sector, in which case the hackers engage in a number of ways. The first case is account takeover whereby criminals exploit financial and online systems, taking over the functions of the account holders. The aim of this crime is to pose as the legitimate owner, as this gives the criminals access to the accounts. Eventually, the criminals transfer all the cash to their accounts or withdraw the cash for their personal use. Another group of hackers consists of those criminals who engage in t he third party payment processor breaches. In this case, hackers target large multinational companies, which have a large network of payment processors. By compromising the personal identifiable information of the employees of such companies, the hackers go ahead to seek payment or other financial benefits from the employer. Their aim is to siphon as much cash as possible before the organization realizes it is not dealing with the real employees (Snow,

Organizational Processes, Human Resources and Ethics Needed to Be Assignment

Organizational Processes, Human Resources and Ethics Needed to Be Established in Kava - Assignment Example According to contingency theories, managers in most cases, design organizational structures that are most appropriate to the factors and circumstances surrounding the domain area of the organization itself. There are no set standards. One can’t tell which organizational structure is the best, as there are various ways to design an organization. For a particular organization, the rigid structure may be the best possible approach while for others a more flexible approach may be the right way out. Four factors are important determinants of the organizational structure or the organizing strategy a manager may opt for. These include the kind of organizational environment, the sort of business strategy the organization undertakes, the technology that has been applied in the organization and the characteristics of human resources within the organization. Kava is an island country, situated in the South Pacific. More than 50% of its population is 15 years of age. It is an ethnic mix of indigenous South Pacific tribes comprising of Asian, African, French, Spanish and a sizable number of Americans. There are a lot of languages spoken in the region comprising of English, Spanish and French and a couple of other indigenous languages. Its economy is agriculture oriented and thrives on petroleum, coffee, cocoa, spices, bananas, sugar, fishing tourism and natural gas. There is inexpensive quality labor available throughout. One of the biggest problems associated with this land is its vulnerability to natural disasters. These include threats like that of Tsunami, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, floods, fires, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, HIV/AIDS, Petroleum spill, the High risk for avian flu and terrorism within and outside the country. There is a major lack of proper infrastructure in the region because KAVA is a region that has been affected by natural disaster.

Ethical and Moral Issues regarding Intellectual Property Research Paper

Ethical and Moral Issues regarding Intellectual Property - Research Paper Example Though most countries and worldwide authorities have developed IP protection laws to help these companies protect their properties, there remain significant legal and ethical issues in relation to the IP protection between companies and between countries. This piece of research paper addresses the ethical and moral issues regarding the intellectual ownership and copyright. Ethical and moral issues regarding intellectual ownership Ethics, corporate social responsibility and morality have got significant importance in business in recent years. Businesses are expected to be ethical, moral and socially responsible and thus they are expected not to counterfeit, copy and steal intellectual properties of other businesses. Intellectual property, as Credo Reference noted, is equivalent to the physical form of private property that people are allowed to own aspects of their mental creativity and innovation, images, inventions, literary and artistic works and therefore these can be traded as co mmodities and thus an individual or company can apply for an idea to be registered as their own property. There has been significant debate about the ownership of the intellectual property, but as per the definition is given below, intellectual property is the right of an individual or company that invented or discovered it. ... Â  the intellectual property, who is entitled to granting the right and who has right to transfer it contractually are some of the concerns regarding the ownership of the intellectual properties. However, when an intellectual property like patent, royalty etc have been registered with an authority, it becomes the right of a person or firm to whom it has been registered. As Freeman and Peace (2005) noted, once the ownership has been acquired, it doesn’t end except by the destruction of the material thing or incorporation to another. The ownership of intellectual property is always temporal because it is restricted in time and some point coming to an end and therefore legally, ethically and morally the ownership falls within the public domain. Maughan (2004) emphasized that the ownership of the intellectual property, though technically the highest estate, is not absolute ownership, and therefore ethically the rights of the owner are socially circumscribed in many different ways for many reasons and this may be curtailed at any time. Ethical and moral issues regarding Copyright ownership A copyright is legal to form of protection that is afforded to an original work of art or authorship that has been developed into a physical and tangible form (Ward, 2007, 1). A copyright is initially owned by a creative author or authors from his or their works. But according to the law, a person doesn’t necessarily need to create the work to be its author for the copyright purposes (Irving, 2011). A very common example is the creation of employees who work for an employer.

Sales Planning and Operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Sales Planning and Operations - Assignment Example Essentially, marketing is concerned with satisfaction of the consumer needs profitably. Therefore, for an organisation like Hendrix business to be better positioned to anticipate and satisfy the needs of the customers, there is need for them to have information about different targeted customers. Thus, through the efforts of the sales force, relationship marketing becomes firmly entrenched in commercial practice so the role of the sales person will increasingly encompass some of these wider issues. It is important for any organisation that is concerned with its viability to establish relationship with its customers to encourage positive image resulting in customer loyalty and repeat purchasing. The task of selling is principally about communication by word of mouth (Kotler 1999). Purchasers of the products normally need more than just advertisements when they want to make a decision to purchase something. The professional sales person is very flexible medium of communication and is b etter positioned to establish purchasing motives through listening to the buyer. He can then emphasise appropriate aspects of the product or the company in terms of meeting and satisfying the motivational considerations of the buyers. In the given scenario, the sales force can be effectively used to gather the views of the customers and make appropriate decisions that will satisfy the anticipated needs of the customers. This strategy can as well implemented to promote business to business B2B selling where Hendrix business will seek to sell its products to the other organisations. On the other hand, the company’s image is personally delivered... This paper says that the members of the team can also collectively work together to gather information about the potential as well as targeted customers. This information can be used to shape the marketing strategies of the above mentioned organisation. In most cases, a successful marketing strategy is determined by the information about the customers held by the organisation. Concerted efforts of a team are required in gathering this information that can also be used to portray the image of the organisation positively. The main purpose of the sales team is to coordinate their efforts towards the achievement of the sales goals of the organisation. Business is meant for gaining profits which can only be achieved when an organisation is aware of the needs of the customers and their buying behaviour which is the basis of marketing. It approves that Over and above, it can be noted that within a marketing strategy, personal selling plays a pivotal role in the growth and sustenance of business and it compliments other promotional activities. Personal selling plays a major role in gathering information about the needs of the customers, communication needs of the organisation as well as portraying the image of the organisation in a positive way. It has also been noted that the aspect of consumer behaviour has a bearing on the decision making process by the customers in making a purchase for a particular product. Sales teams also play a pivotal role in gathering the informational requirements of the organisation.

Lockes Doctrine of Abstraction Essay Example for Free

Lockes Doctrine of Abstraction Essay John Locke and George Berkeley are two famous philosophers whose work found similarities in their proximity of publication, but stark differences in their beliefs. In Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he argued passionately for his doctrine of abstract ideas. On the other hand, Berkeley, in his work, Principles of Human Knowledge, he made every effort to reject all of Locke’s claims. Although viciously attacked by Berkeley, Locke’s doctrine of abstraction holds true as a fundamentally sound and practical doctrine for the advancement of knowledge and communication. In Book II of Essay, Locke formulates theories on how knowledge is acquired. Previously in Essay, Locke establishes his position as an empiricist through his discussion of simple and complex ideas. According to Locke, simple ideas come into the mind either through sensation or through reflection. With regards to complex ideas, Locke argues that, although the mind is a â€Å"blank slate† until impressed upon by experience, he acknowledges the power of the mind to be multifaceted. â€Å"The acts of the mind, wherein it exerts its power over simple ideas, are chiefly these three: 1. Combining several simple ideas into one compound one, and thus all complex ideas are made. 2. The second is bringing two ideas, whether simple or complex, together, and setting them by one another so as to take a view of them at once, without uniting them into one, by which it gets all its ideas of relations. 3. The third is separating them from all other ideas that accompany them in their real existence: this is called abstraction, and thus all its general ideas are made. †(Essay 146) This being so, it is apparent that Locke believes in the mind’s ability to manipulate content as it is received. Locke entertains this notion by explaining that the mind subjects simple ideas to various processes such as combining, comparing, and abstraction. The most important of these three abilities is the mind’s ability to form abstract ideas. Further into Book III of Essay, Locke outlines his famous doctrine of abstraction, or rather, doctrine of general terms. Abstract ideas are formed by proceeding with particular ideas (which may either be simple and complex). As established earlier, abstract ideas are a result of the mind’s ability to manipulate. Locke further demonstrates this point by explaining that only particular things exist in the external world and can be determined by the senses. The formation of abstract ideas is reliant on the existence of particular ideas and is therefore derivative of them. General or abstract terms come to fruition as the result of subtracting away particular qualities such as color, height, weight, and size from an idea. however , at the same time, maintaining the general or similar qualities that allow the idea to be paired or grouped with others. Locke illustrates this point in his discussion of general terms. For example, a particular idea would be, as Locke states, Peter, James or Mary. Through the process of abstraction, one subtracts the qualities that are specific to Peter, James, or Mary, and instead retain the characteristics which are common to all three. Thus, the abstract or general term derived from the three, is human beings. (Essay 396) According to Locke the absence of the specific qualities and preservation of similarities is what makes the idea general or relatable to others. Thus forming the process of abstraction, a doctrine that is embraced by Locke, but wholeheartedly rejected by Berkeley. One aspect of George Berkeley that is safe to assume is that he was definitely not a fan of Locke, or Locke’s doctrine of abstraction. This is evident in the sheer fact that Berkeley devoted his introduction of Principles to the refutation of the doctrine of abstraction. However this raises the question: Why did Berkeley feel so strongly? Why does Berkeley feel the need to reject abstraction? The answer to these questions is two-fold. First and foremost, Berkeley sees Locke’s doctrine of abstraction as a detractor from the overall purpose of his philosophical work. â€Å"Philosophy being nothing else but the study of wisdom and truth.. a greater clearness and evidence of knowledge, and be less disturbed by with the doubts and difficulties of other men. yet so it is, we see the illiterate bulk of mankind walk the high-road of plain common sense. † (PHK intro 1) In this example Berkeley establishes himself as the â€Å"no nonsense† defender of common sense . Throughout Principles, Berkeley often mentions his disdain for simply verbal philosophical questions that are ultimately speculative and accomplish nothing. By disproving abstraction, he can avoid what he believes to be useless philosophy. Instead, Berkeley presents himself to be rooted more so in specifics and what can be known. An example of this exists in his discussion of mathematics, arithmetic and the natural sciences and abstraction. In this discussion, Berkeley argues that abstraction plays no part in these concepts. (PHK 118-122) Building on this, abstraction also threatens Berkeleys overarching theme of â€Å"esse este percepi,† Or rather â€Å"to be is to be perceived. † Throughout Principles, Berkeley essentially argues that specific qualities such as color, size, and odor cannot exist unless they are perceived. By this logic, abstract ideas, ideas born absent of perception and stripped of specific qualities, cannot adequately fit into the constraints of hisrequirement   for existence. This being so, Berkeley openly objects to and attacks Locke’s doctrine. Despite this effort, Berkeley is unable to accomplish his intended goal. In his introduction, Berkeley launches a three pronged attack against Locke’s abstractionism. Beginning with the â€Å"inability to abstract† argument, followed by the â€Å"inconsistent and confusing† and ending with â€Å"unnecessary† argument, Berkeley outlines what he believes to be a â€Å"killing blow† to Locke’s doctrine. However, his rejection of abstraction is rather weak. As stated before, Berkeley begins his rejection of abstraction by stating that the human mind is unable to abstract. He illustrates his point through a thought experiment, â€Å"I can consider the hand, the eye, the nose, each by itself abstracted or separated from the rest of the body. but then whatever hand or eye I imagine, it must have some particular shape and color I cannot by any effort of thought conceive the abstract idea above described. And it is impossible for me to form the abstract idea of motion distinct from the body moving. † (PHK intro 10) In this example, Berkeley demonstrates his attempt to form a general idea through the process of abstraction. He concludes that the human mind is unable to accomplish this as it is impossible not to attribute specific and particular qualities to an idea when abstracting it. This being so, when imaging an idea, one cannot view it in general terms, but instead can only view it particularly. This argument doesn’t really develop any strengths or weakness for or against Abstraction. If posed with the same thought experiment, Locke would surely answer that he would be able to form abstract ideas within his mind. Because Locke believes all human minds have the same capabilities, Locke would argue that because he is able to form abstract ideas, Berkeley must also be able to do so, thus rendering the point moot. Berkeley moves on from the psychological inability to form abstract thoughts and onto the argument that the abstraction is inconsistent and therefore inadequate as a doctrine. Holding back no punches, Berkeley directly quotes Locke in his introduction to Principles. â€Å". . does it not require some pains and skill to form the general idea of a triangle . . . for it must be neither oblique, nor rectangle, neither equilateral, equicrural, no scalenon, but all and none of these at once. †(Essay 596) Berkeley is quick to respond to this statement. â€Å"In effect, it is something imperfect that cannot exist, an idea wherein some parts of several different and inconsistent ideas are put together. † (PHK intro 13) In this example, Berkeley criticizes Locke’s doctrine as not only being impossible to achieve, but also inconsistent. In his reading of Locke, Berkeley states that Lockes’ description of the abstraction process as encompassing â€Å"all and none. † Berkeley outlines the contradiction that object or idea cannot posses both all and none of the same qualities. Because there exists a contradiction within Lockes argument, Berkeley asserts, that the doctrine of abstraction is flawed and therefore impossible. However, it is in this example it becomes apparent that Berkeley mis-interprets Locke’s doctrine. Perhaps in angst to defeat abstraction, Berkeley gets tripped up on Locke’s wording. Abstraction only deals with the subtraction of the differences, but keeps the commonalities between ideas. In fact, it appears that Berkeley is the more inconsistent of the two as he accurately describes Locke’s true position on abstraction earlier in the intro, yet discounts it later on. (PHK intro 9). The third and final argument against abstraction Berkeley outlines is the questioning of the necessity for abstraction. Berkeley argues, â€Å"from all which the natural consequence should seem to be, that so difficult a thing as the as the forming abstract ideas was not necessary for communication, which is so easy and familiar to all sorts of men. But we are told, if they seem obvious and easy to grown men. it is only because by constant and familiar use they are made so. † (PHK intro 14) In this example, Berkeley states that general are utterly useless because they fail to appropriately define an idea. Instead, generalizations are adopted because they’re easy and familiar, not because they are useful. Furthermore, according to Locke, the meaning of a general term is an abstract idea. Berkeley refutes this notion and explains that a general term denotes a range of particular ideas. As a result, Berkeley explains that abstraction is not only useless, but also confusing. Again, Berkeley refers to triangles in his description. â€Å"How can we know any proposition to be true of all particular triangles, except we have first seen it demonstrated of the abstract idea of a triangle which equally agrees to all? For, because a property may be demonstrated to agree to some one particular triangle, it will not thence follow that it equally belongs to any other triangle. † (PHK intro 16) In this example, Berkeley demonstrates that abstracted general terms lead to confusion. The abstract term for a triangle cannot adequately encompass the idea of a triangle because it can be attributed to a wide range of triangles. (Right, obtuse, acute etc. ) By using abstraction, Berkeley argues, one could be referring to a range of particular ideas without properly defining one. Simply using the general term â€Å"triangle† does not appropriately account for a triangle because it is impossible tou nderstand exactly what triangle is being talked about. Because of this, Berkeley argues, the lack of specificity in abstract terms allows for confusion which hinders human development of knowledge. While Berkeley has his moments, ultimately, Locke appears to be the more philosophically sound of the two. This is mainly because of the the application of the doctrine of abstraction and its ability to enhance human knowledge and communication. In Book III Locke notes the importance of abstract general ideas to knowledge. He explains that abstract ideas and classification are of central importance to a common understanding and communication of language. â€Å"Words ultimately derived from such as signify sensible ideas. It may also lead us a little towards the original notions how great a dependence our words have on common sensible ideas. † (Essay 388) In this example, Locke explains the purpose of abstraction. With the ability to attach commonly held and general terms to ideas, people are able better communicate ideas to each other because they hold a common understanding. For example if one attempted to explain the qualities of a cat, imagine how tedious it would be under Berkeley’s system of particulars for one to explain every perceivable quality of a cat. In Lockes system, however, ideas can be abstracted and it is commonly known that cats are felines, walk on 4 legs, and are mammals. When someone uses the general term â€Å"cat† others are able to recognize the term and know what is being discussed without further and unnecessary explanation. The ability to make this classification helps the growth of knowledge because it allows all to hold a commonly known concept. Qualities of size, color, etc are irrelevant. General terms attach an efficiency, and the ability for all to understand.

Hamurabis Code Essay Example for Free

Hamurabis Code Essay Hammurabi, king and chief priest of Babylonia from 1792-1750 B.C., expanded his empire greatly before focusing his energies toward wealth and justice for his people. He created a code protecting all classes of Babylonian society, including women and slaves called Hammurabi’s Code. He sought protection of the weak from the powerful and the poor from the rich. The carving on the stone suggests he received the code of laws from the sun god. Having a consistent and documented, although harsh, set of rules stabilized their society. People had guidelines for behavior and could plan their lives a little better. The were probably fewer private feuds and vendettas and injustices as a result for these codes. Although considered severely harsh by todays Standards, Hammurabi’s code punished evildoers and rewarded the good doers. The actual laws range from public to private matters, with humane approaches to human problems. There were three classes in the Babylonian society: the patrician, who were the free men and women; the plebeians, who were the commoners; and the slaves. While the patricians were protected by the law of retaliation, the lower classes received only monetary compensation. The laws include almost everything from marriage and family relations to protection of property. Although compared to todays standards some may consider Hammurabi’s laws harsh, threatening severe punishments for crimes against property, land, and commerce The impact of Hammurabi’s code made the kingdom stronger and secured. The Code of Hammurabi is significant because its creation allowed men, women, slaves, and all others to read and understand the laws that governed their lives in Babylonia. The code of laws encouraged people to accept authority of a king, who was trying to give common rules to govern the subjects behavior. Although it follows the practice of an eye for an eye, it does not allow for vigilante justice, but rather demands a trial by judges. It also glorifies acts of peace and justice done during Hammurabi’s rule. It symbolizes not only the emergence of justice in the minds of men, but also man’s rise above ignorance and barbarism toward the peaceful and just societies still pursued today. In the words of Hammurabi as carved on the stone, Let any oppressed man who has a cause come into the presence of my statue as king of justice, and have the inscription on my stele read out, and hear my precious words, that my stele may make the case clear to him; may he understand his cause, and may his heart be set at ease! In conclusion, Humurabi’s code were a code of laws created for the bablylonians by their king and ruler, Hammurabi. These codes were created to protect all the classes of the Babylonian people and make life easier to live day to day. The code of laws applies to the entire Babylonian society. The penalties of the code varied according to the status of the victim. The purpose of the Code of Hammurabi was to use political power to create common bonds among the diverse people of the society. It greatly influenced a total dependence on the power of their one ruler, and it was a conscious effort to exalt the king as the source, the only source, of earthly powers. It unified the empire by offering the standards for moral values, class structure, gender relationships, and religion. It was the most important of all Mesopotamian contributions to civilization.

Direct Transfer Of Money And Securities Finance Essay

Direct Transfer Of Money And Securities Finance Essay Financial market is mechanism that allows people transfer of capital between savers and those who need capital takes place. It also is a place where allows people to buy and sell financial such as stocks and bonds. In addition to supporting previously issued financial assets in exchange for loans and financial markets through the promotion of financial assets from the sale of newly issued loans. Examples of financial markets including the New York Stock Exchange (resale of previously issued shares), the U.S. government bond market (resale of previously issued bonds), the U.S. Treasury Auctions (sales of new issues of Treasury bills). Financial institution is an institution, its main source of profit through the trading of financial assets. Examples of these financial institutions, including discount brokers (such as Charles Schwab and associates), banks, insurance companies, as well as more complex functions, such as Merrill Lynchs financial institutions. Moreover , financial market can be found in almost every country in the world. There are some very small, only a small number of participants, while others such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the foreign exchange market -,trillion dollars in daily trading. Therefore , there are three ways available transfer of capital in the financial market thats direct transfer of money and securities , investment banking house , and financial intermediaries. DIRECT TRANSFER OF MONEY AND SECURITIES This types of transfer of capital occur when a business sells its stock or bond directly to savers without going through any type of financial institution. From a tax-deferred retirement plan or account type of asset to another. Direct transfer is not considered distribution, so there is no income or subject to any penalty tax in advance the layout. This transfer type is usually no electronic checks are cut from one custodian to another. The business delivers its securities to savers , who in turn give the firm the money it needs. INVESTMENT BANKING HOUSE An investment bank not same with the commercial bank or retail banks, investment bank does not take deposit. This is an organization that underwrites and distributes new investment securities and help businesses obtain financing. An investment bank is one type of financial institution that assists individuals, governments and corporation in raising capital by underwriting and or acting as the clients agent in the issuance of securities. Investment banks also help companies mergers and acquisitions, and provide services such as market making, derivatives, fixed income instruments, foreign exchange, commodities, and asset securitization support services. Other than that , the company can sells its stocks or bonds to the investment bank , which in turn sells these same securities to savers. FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES Financial intermediaries are specialized financial firms that facilitate the transfer of funds from savers to demander of capital. Some of the financial intermediaries are bank such as commercials banks , insurance companies , investment companies. Financial intermediaries are simply transfer money and securities between and saver . They literally create new financial products. The function of financial intermediaries includes reduce the transaction cost. For the liquidity services , it can saving deposits . financial intermediaries also provide online banking to pay the bills. Besides of that , the intermediary obtains funds from savers in exchange for its own securities. The intermediary then uses this money to purchase and then hold businesses securities. The existence of intermediaries greatly increases the efficiency of money and capital markets. Moreover . there have a few of categories of financial intermediaries. The categories of financial intermediaries are depository institutions, contractual savings institutions and investment companies. The depository institution has been divided into depository institution and non-depository institution. Deposit-taking institution in the United States financial institutions such as savings banks, commercial banks, savings and loan associations, or credit unions, in the law to allow the currency to accept deposits from consumers. Federal depository institution is subject to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). COMMERCIAL BANKS Commercial bank or business banks are financial institutions and intermediaries type. This is a bank to provide transactions, savings and money market accounts and time deposits accepted. Commercial bank also is the traditional department stores of finance serve a wide variety of savers and borrowers. Its also expanding the services provided by the range, including food and beverage services and insurance stocks. These commercial banks are institution that run to make a profit and owned by a group of individuals. Actually, commercial banks have some different from investment banks. This is because commercial banks offer loans, while investment banks help companies raise funds from other parties. SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS(SLs) A savings and loan association thats association that similar to bank is a financial institution which specializes in accepting savings deposits and making mortgage loans. They served personal savings and the supply of residential and commercial mortgage borrowers, they also take the fund from many small savers and lend this money to home buyer and also other type of borrowers. In addition, savings and loan association have more expertise in analyzing credit, setting up loans, and making collections than individual savers, so they reduce the costs and increase the availability of real estate loans. Listen Read phonetically CREDIT UNIONS Credit union is a cooperative financial institutions owned and controlled by its members, to promote conservation, provide credit at reasonable prices, and provide other financial services to its member. their member savings are loaned only to other member , generally for auto purchases , home improvement loans , and home mortgages. Credit unions are often the cheapest source of funds available to individual borrowers. Next, contractual savings institutions included life insurance companies and pension funds. Life insurance companies provides insurance for you and your familys in order to create peace of mind. Life insurance is a policy that people buy from a life insurance company, it can be a basis of protection and financial stability after ones death. Its function is to help beneficiaries financially after the owner of the policy dies. They taking saving in the form of annual premiums, invest these funds in stocks , bonds , real estate, and mortgages and finally make payments to the beneficiaries of the insured parties. Other than that , pension fund is a scheme, fund or plan to provide retirement income. This kind of fund is established by employers and organizations to their worker and administered primarily by the trust departments of commercial banks or by life insurance companies. There is two kind of for pension funds, thats defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans. For defined benefit plans , the employer specifies or guarantees the level of benefits the employee will receive when they retires. For defined contribution plans , the employer make specified or defined the payments into plans. When the employee retires , they are determined by the amount of asset in the plan. The third kind of financial intermediaries is investment companies. There have 2 kinds of investment companies that are financial companies and mutual funds. Financial companies is an organization that provides loans for both businesses and consumers. Finance companies also purchase unpaid customer accounts at a discount from merchants and collect the payments due from customers. They also grant small loans directly to their consumers at a relatively high rate of interest. However , there is some differences between financial companies and bank. they unlike with a bank, finance company do not accept deposits from the public. But , finance company may draw funding from banks and various other money market resources. For mutual funds, mutual funds is an open-ended fund operated by a corporations that accept money from savers and then use these funds to buy stocks , long -term bonds, or short -term debt instruments issued by businesses or government units. Different funds are designed t o meet the objectives of different type of savers. For most mutual funds, shareholders are free to sell their shares at any time, although the mutual fund share prices fluctuate daily, after the securities held by the fund depend on the performance Listen Read phonetically Dictionary View detailed dictionary CONCLUSION In short , we know clearly about the financial market information. Financial market is mechanism that allows people transfer of capital between savers and those who need capital takes place.Inside the market we know what are they doing and contribute to our. Other of that , I also can know the function of financial intermediaries and also have what categories inside the financial intermediaries. There are many types in financial intermediaries, I get to know each of them clearly and also a few ways of transfer the funds and after this we know which type of investment are most suitable and better of us.

The Internet :: Web Technology Essays

The Internet When the Internet was developed in the 1960s, most of the world was unaware of the impact it would have on the world and our society within a relatively short period of time. In less than forty years, the World Wide Web has literally become the "Information Super Highway" as Al Gore so succinctly named it (Daly, 1998). With this massive influx of information through a web of interconnected networks have come problems and some solutions. The magnitude of data stored on the Web and the Internet brings about many questions regarding readability, currency, policies, validity, quality, reliability, moral issues, creditability, market appeal, and adequacy in the mechanics of language just to name a few. Except in technologically advanced circles of society, the Web was virtually unheard of prior to the wide availability of the Mosaic browser in 1993. At that time, the Web emerged nearly full-blown and was so successful that within a few months it was being used by millions of people (Maddux, 1998). As a result of this rapid growth of the Web, the quality of many websites today is poor. Maddux (1998) states that "standards for academic and other publishing of traditional media, like books, evolved over a period of centuries while the technical and distribution problems were being solved". The Web has not been afforded the luxury of having the component of time to develop standards for the information being published. Maddux (1998) believes that "Web quality seems to be declining, rather than improving". Often when a person searches for information through a Web search engine, he is inundated with incompetent web pages. It is difficult, time-consuming, frustrating, overwhelming, a nd sometimes impossible for an internet novice to find useful information. In turn, those using the web for educational fulfillment have to jump barriers just to find high-quality information. To remedy the problems with the Web, some guidelines need to be set forth and followed. Authors of web sites need to proofread and revise material for language and mechanics much as if they were writing a paper for their English class to be graded by a teacher. Web site authors should use common sense in deciding what and when to publish and should keep the published material up-to-date. Just as students should not turn in an unfinished assignment to a teacher, the author of a website should not publish unfinished pages or pages under construction.

Satire in Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay -- The I

Satire in Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest is a comedy of manners, whereby Oscar Wilde uses satire to ridicule marriage, love and the mentality of the Victorian aristocratic society. It can also be referred to as a satiric comedy. What is a satire and what is Oscar Wilde trying to emphasize by employing it in his play? A satiric comedy ridicules political policies or attacks deviations from social order by making ridiculous, the violators of its standards of morals or manners. Usually, a satiric piece doesn't serve only as a form of criticism, but to correct flaws in the characters or to somehow make them better in the end. The pun on the word "Earnest" suggests two things; it stands for the name but also refers to honesty and integrity. It is also known as a `one joke' or a play on words. Though the name is spelt as "Ernest" the reader still recognizes the double meaning of the title. Two of the main characters, Jack and Algernon, strive to be "Ernest" and "Earnest" in the play, yet they both deceive others to escape lives which they grow tired of. They both hope to marry the girls that they love, yet they are starting the relationships base on false pretence and lies. It is ironic that they both call themselves "Ernest," a name that suggests honesty and sincerity, yet they both create stories to escape something or the other. Jack creates a brother called "Ernest" in the city that he uses as a `scape goat' to leave his prim and proper, respectable country life, whereas Algernon creates a friend by the name of "Bunbury" to escape his aunt's high class society parties. He shows his lack of interest in s uch social events when he tells Jack, She will place me next to Mary Far... ... and the stern mask that Lady Bracknell wears slowly turns into a smile. In conclusion, The Importance of Being Earnest strongly focuses on those of the upper class society and the vanity of the aristocrats who place emphasis on trivial matters concerning marriage. Both Algernon and Jack assume the identity of "Ernest" yet ironically, they both are beginning their marital lives based on deception and lies. Lady Bracknell represents the archetypal aristocrat who forces the concept of a marriage based on wealth or status rather than love. Through farce and exaggeration, Wilde satirically reveals the foolish and trivial matters that the upper class society looks upon as being important. As said earlier, a satiric piece usually has a didactic side to it. In this case, Lady Bracknell learns that the same person she was criticising is actually her own flesh and blood. Satire in Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest Essay -- The I Satire in Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest is a comedy of manners, whereby Oscar Wilde uses satire to ridicule marriage, love and the mentality of the Victorian aristocratic society. It can also be referred to as a satiric comedy. What is a satire and what is Oscar Wilde trying to emphasize by employing it in his play? A satiric comedy ridicules political policies or attacks deviations from social order by making ridiculous, the violators of its standards of morals or manners. Usually, a satiric piece doesn't serve only as a form of criticism, but to correct flaws in the characters or to somehow make them better in the end. The pun on the word "Earnest" suggests two things; it stands for the name but also refers to honesty and integrity. It is also known as a `one joke' or a play on words. Though the name is spelt as "Ernest" the reader still recognizes the double meaning of the title. Two of the main characters, Jack and Algernon, strive to be "Ernest" and "Earnest" in the play, yet they both deceive others to escape lives which they grow tired of. They both hope to marry the girls that they love, yet they are starting the relationships base on false pretence and lies. It is ironic that they both call themselves "Ernest," a name that suggests honesty and sincerity, yet they both create stories to escape something or the other. Jack creates a brother called "Ernest" in the city that he uses as a `scape goat' to leave his prim and proper, respectable country life, whereas Algernon creates a friend by the name of "Bunbury" to escape his aunt's high class society parties. He shows his lack of interest in s uch social events when he tells Jack, She will place me next to Mary Far... ... and the stern mask that Lady Bracknell wears slowly turns into a smile. In conclusion, The Importance of Being Earnest strongly focuses on those of the upper class society and the vanity of the aristocrats who place emphasis on trivial matters concerning marriage. Both Algernon and Jack assume the identity of "Ernest" yet ironically, they both are beginning their marital lives based on deception and lies. Lady Bracknell represents the archetypal aristocrat who forces the concept of a marriage based on wealth or status rather than love. Through farce and exaggeration, Wilde satirically reveals the foolish and trivial matters that the upper class society looks upon as being important. As said earlier, a satiric piece usually has a didactic side to it. In this case, Lady Bracknell learns that the same person she was criticising is actually her own flesh and blood.

Women as News Anchors Essay -- Women Feminism Careers Employment Essay

Women as News Anchors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women in all careers are striving to gain equality in the work force today, and female television news anchors are definitely part of the fight. The road to television news anchoring is a rocky one, where only a few women survive and many fail. Where progress was once thought to have been made, there aren't many females getting ahead in the world of television news. Today, there is a very slow, if any, gain in the numbers of women who succeed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many questions surrounding the subject of women in television news, and I will attempt to answer relevant ones in this paper. How have the women that actually make it to the top and succeed as anchorwomen, done it? What does it take to make it? Why do those few endure it/enjoy it? Why has it been and still is difficult for women? What are the expectations of women in the field, as opposed to the expectations of men?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am interested in this topic because I once aspired to become a television broadcaster. I still have inspiration in me, but not quite as much due to the negative and discouraging aspects I have heard about in classes and in the media. I am not sure that I could be happy in a career such as this, and I know there are great difficulties in "making it" in this profession. I have read about the incredible ambition of successful females in television news, and it seems like it takes a special kind of passion to want to keep up in the business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I kept my questions in mind when gathering research material. While focusing on the key questions, I was able to find information that led me to form answers to them. Christine Craft's biography told of her individual experience of being fired on the basis of her looks and her age. I realized from reading her story that she had a "nose for news", a passion for telling it to the world, and a unique spark that made her a good journalist, yet those qualities weren't enough in her case. She took that passion and spark, filed a sexual discrimination case and won.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hard News: Women in Broadcast Journalism had a few chapters that were relevant to today, and I could draw on some information for my paper. However, much of the information was historical and not helpful to answering my questions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Battling for News concentrated mainly on print journalism. There was material about the fi... ...ays of anchormen, "Old anchors never fade away. And they can't be killed by mortal means" (Katz 1995, p. 164).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sadly, forward movements aren't apparent today by women in television news. Forty years ago, a female gaining the anchor position on the evening news was a leap forward. Today "it feels more like a step backward, an attempt to stuff accomplished, contemporary women into an ill-fitting straightjacket" (Katz 1995, p. 164).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is apparent that women news anchors face many more struggles than men in the field. It takes a unique individual to fight through those struggles and strive for what they want most: to relay news throughout the world. Equality with men is far from being reached, but a few females have stood their ground and hopefully made a difference for others that follow. If people open their eyes and realize there are plenty of women who are just as, if not more, competent than men at holding an anchor position, women could gain respect within the field. For now, the few women who find success and are willing to endure the hardships that come along will likely survive in the business, at least until age hinders their physical appearance.

The Anti-bilingual Education Measure

The result of California election on June 4th, 1998 was predicted all along. Proposition 227, also known as the anti-bilingual education measure, won in 61% favorable to 39% unfavorable contest. In a seemingly routine contest, the proposition brought out one of the most disparaging groups of supporters and critics, displaying passion for their causes in rallies, forums, debates and TV ads. This paper examines proposition 227 and its controversy. Then, it proposes what might have been a compromise that satisfied the supporters and the critics alike. After a small protest by some dissatisfied Hispanic American parents on their children†s bilingual education, Ron Unz, the Chairman of English for the Children wrote and spearheaded a movement for Proposition 227. Under the premise that bilingual education had not relieved high dropout rates and low English literacy of many immigrant children in last 20 years, Proposition 227 advocated a new way of education for Limited English Proficiency (LEP) children. It mandated a uniform solution for all LEP children in that all children will be placed in English language classrooms where â€Å"the language of instruction used by the teaching personnel is overwhelmingly the English language, and in which such teaching personnel possess a good knowledge of the English language. † Children who are English learners will be educated through sheltered English immersion during maximum of 1 year. The sheltered English immersion program meant â€Å"nearly all classroom instruction is in English but with the curriculum and presentation designed for children who are learning the curriculum and presentation designed for children who are learning the language. † Passing of such proposal meant virtual elimination of bilingual education in California. The biggest critics of proposition 227 are teachers. They claim that the premise of Proposition 227 epitomizes ignorance. First example is a clause in the measure that allows maximum of a year for sheltered English immersion. The critics dismiss it as confusion over speech fluency and academic fluency in English. They claim that, â€Å"academic fluency in a second language requires 5 to 7 years† instruction. † Therefore, a year of special education is inadequate for preparing LEP children for English language classrooms. Second example is that only 6. 5 percent of the students who are re-classified as fluent in English come from a group of students, only a third of whom are in bilingual programs and most of whom are in the kind of English-only programs mandated by Proposition 227. Hence, concluding bilingual education as a failure is shortcoming. In fact, many bilingual programs work better than other programs in both English acquisition and core subjects . Since, Proposition 227 mandates a single, untested program for all school districts, it fails to address the quality of instruction in core subjects like science and math. Other critics of proposition include the proponents of bilingual education. They claim that benefits of bilingual education include appreciation for cultures. Because language is most fundamental part of any culture, allowing bilingual education is allowing â€Å"the field in which language meets language, culture meets culture, values meet values. † Hence, bilingual education has its own educational merits rather than just assisting education in other subjects. Some proponents take a step further and claim that denying bilingual education is discrimination against minority students. First, the minority students are denied of the â€Å"fundamental tools for reflection, critical thinking, and social interaction. Second, denying bilingual education is an act of affirming white supremacy and English supremacy. Declaring English as the valid language and pointing to critical aspect of knowing English as a requirement for success are two instances where English is pushed as the supreme language. The critics claim that the US is a nation built upon immigration and diversity of races makes it impossible to embrace â€Å"so-called ‘common culture† and ‘common language. â€Å"† One of the prominent supporters of proposition 227 is the general population. According to the poll taken by the Los Angeles Times, 64% of registered white voters and 62% of registered Latino voters favored Proposition 227. Their reasons for the support are echoed in the content of the proposition. First, for the last two decades, bilingual education has not alleviated â€Å"the current high drop-out rates and low English literacy levels of many immigrant children. † They believe that bilingual education has failed because only 6. 5 percent of children with limited English language skills moved into regular classes last year. They site the research that shows that sheltered English immersion is the most effective method of helping non-English speaking children learn English. Also, schools cannot teach all children in their home language because more than 50 languages are spoken in student's homes. Hence, it is only fair that unified program be offered to all students, allowing all students to equally cultivate their English fluency. The supporters believe in two broad assumptions about education. First, the proposition claims that for â€Å"productive members of our society, literacy in English language is among the most important. Second the proposition claims that â€Å"young immigrant children can easily acquire full fluency in a new language, such as English, if they are heavily exposed to that language in the classroom at an early age. † Hence, the proposition can promote sheltered English immersion for maximum of one year. The criticisms for such claims are rather obvious. First, research shows that if anything can be blamed for high illiteracy rate, it is education in whole since â€Å"over 60 million Americans are illiterate or functionally illiterate. Also, full literacy in English language may not be necessary for productive members of our society since immigrants from Asia and Europe are succeeding quite nicely in America while it is black Americans, â€Å"whose ancestors have been speaking English for over 200 years, find themselves still relegated to ghettos. † Hence, even with conflicting research data, criticisms for bilingual education are exaggerations. Even as such, my own experience with bilingual education makes ending bilingual education attractive. I came to the US only knowing my alphabet. And, I do not remember bilingual classes offered to a Korean kid at my junior high school. Yet, I remember stepping into honors English class by the sophomore year of my high school when Latino and Latina kids I knew from ESL classes in junior high school were still in ESL classes and in bilingual classes. While I am not entirely convinced that bilingual education is a failure, I am convinced that public schools need greater emphasis on academic achievements of students rather then simply graduating them on time. If getting rid of bilingual education means unifying standards for all students, hence challenging all students equally, I must favor getting rid of bilingual education. I trust the much the same sentiment was shared by the voters of Proposition 227. Since I could not decide to amend or not to amend the proposition, I looked to the gaps between the supporters and the critics of the proposition. Then, being the cynic that I am, I found the gaps to be political: both parties were looking out for their own interest, not so much for better education. Therefore, I decided to amend the proposition and to offer both parties their share of satisfaction. In researching for this paper, I kept wondering about substantial reasons for the teachers to oppose Proposition 227. If voters were convinced that something had to change, why were teachers not convinced? Overall, school budgets will not be cut, if anything it will be increased slightly. Then I thought of some reasons for teachers† opposition. First, some of the bilingual education teachers, who earn more than the regular teachers would be in jeopardy from the proposition. Also, funding would be redirected to community members who agree to tutor English learners. I had no reason to see that supporters of the proposition were any better. I did not see the biggest supporter, Ron Unz, the co-author of the proposition and the premier fund contributor of the proposition with $650,000, as either philanthropist or as philosopher who believes in helping out in a worthy cause against the status quo in education. I did see his intentions to be politically charged since, he has 1) challenged Governor Pete Wilson for the 1994 GOP nomination, 2) volunteered to appropriate $50 million per year for 10 years to fund English instruction for individuals who pledge to tutor children in their community, which ensures him a long public exposure and favorable light among employment seekers, and 3) mobilized Latino voters in his side in light of the popular proposition. Hence, instead of choosing the better of two evils, I decided that the best proposition is a compromise between the two. First, basic spirit of the proposition is kept since it won in the election. Hence, LEP children are still mandated to enter English language classrooms. Also, English learners are placed in English immersion program for no more than a year. Second, to satisfy the teachers, some of $50 million will be spent to train current teachers for English language classrooms with LEP children and tutoring LEP children. In addition, current bilingual teachers will be allowed to tutor both LEP children and English learners as many years as assessed as appropriate by both the teacher and the school. Satisfying both the teachers and the parents through amending the proposition should lead to a better education, which is an unintended positive outcome.

Effects of

Marina Less, an 18th century female writer, gets plenty of fan mail, yet she only rarely replies. She feels compelled to answer to one woman in particular, Pierce, an older female dreaming to be a writer. Less' inspires Pierce by relating to her in many ways. Being a female writer in (1866), she appeals to her character and credibility by sharing personal experiences and shared values. She also informs Pierce about the qualities that she herself has that helped her to succeed.Time and wisdom is what Less feel is necessary to become a successful writer. By making a personal connection between the two women, Less is able to tell Price what it takes. The most important qualities that Less says are needed are wisdom and experience. With that being said, one gains wisdom through experience- you cannot make your writing believable without it. Using loaded words such as â€Å"genuine, trashy, and unripe†, Less expresses the importance of waiting until you have been more fulfilled in life. Less also appeals to Pierce's emotions by â€Å"stooping to her level† to con next more strongly with Price.In this way, Price will take Less' advice more to heart. Because this letter is written in 1866, the reader is lead to imply that women had very little rights. Women were given no respect in general, much less while being a woman author. Still today is the 21st century; women authors are using pen names so that their readers will see them as equals. They feared their male readers would not want to read her books because she is a woman. Considering all of this plus the time period, Price is at a disadvantage. In order to connect to on a more intimate level, Less uses feminism to unite their goals in a world run by men.Less reassures Price that even though she is a woman and although she is monotony she can still do whatever she puts her mind to. Although the reader is unaware of Pierce's writing abilities, Less feels confident in her and uses her own credibility to relate the two writers together in order to boost Pierce's confidence as a writer. Informing Pierce of their common ground, Less' persuades her by tapping into her emotions. Because she feels compelled to respond, she also succeeds in motivating Pierce by using rhetorical schemes such as personal experience and the two women's shared values.

Flourishing of Indian Culture in Gupta Empire Essay

The era of Gupta Empire, which lasted for two centuries on the territories of modern northern India, can be named as a period of economic, cultural and social rise of Indian community. Leadership of the Emperors of Gupta Dynasty was very successful, and there were peace, order and social harmony set up at Gupta territories. Such circumstances favored the development and flourishing of culture and intellectual science in Gupta Empire. Wall-paintings of Ajanta Caves in Deccan demonstrate high level of artistic skills, creativity and imagination of Gupta painters. The main themes of those paintings are religious motifs and daily life of Gupta people. Also, there are magnificent sculptures and powerful statues, which mostly image different Buddhist gods and are still in good state of preservation. Architectural monuments of those times are mostly Hindu temples with towers. This period can be characterized by combining of traditional forms with new aspects in all branches of Indian art. Popularization of Sanskrit language brought to considerable rise in literature. Outstanding Gupta poets Kalidasa, Dandi, Shudaka contributed to Indian literature their poetry, comedies and dramas, in which they used to address to lyrical, religious, epic, narrative and erotic motives. In those times a great number of books and researches were written, both literary and scientific, including famous Kamasutra, the work about the art of physical love. During the Gupta Age a lot of achievements took place in such disciplines, like mathematic, logic, astronomy, medicine, veterinary, and others. For example, a new Gupta numerical system was developed from the Brahmi numerals, which later on influenced Roman decimal system. Gupta astronomers could calculate the duration of the solar year, and Gupta doctors could do a type of operation, which is known now as Caesarian section. Unfortunately, the Gupta Era and its cultural progress did not last long. The main reason of this can be the fall of the Empire as a result of invasions of the White Huns from the South and the West. This caused the split up of the Empire and assimilation of Gupta people into other Asian nations. Nevertheless, a lot of cultural memorials and intellectual achievements could survive and contribute into further development of Indian community and the whole humanity. Bibliography: †¢ Gupta Empire. (2006, February). Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from: . †¢ Gupta Empire in India. (1995, September). Indian Child. A Parent’s Guide to Internet Safety. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from: . †¢ Hooker, R. (1999, July 6). World Civilizations: The Age of Guptas and After. Washington State University. Board of Regents. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from . †¢ The Gupta Age. (n. d. ). Today’s India. Embassy of India in Havana. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from: .

Religion and Myth

Consider what purpose the Myth of Esfandyar may have served within its culture. Evaluate carefully the characters, story lines, and try to determine what message, moral, or behavioral conventions you can associate with the respective myths. Make sure to cite specific parts of the story in your discussions. It is always OK to compare a myth to another or note a theme that may seem universal or conventional in mythology, (e. g. the god who dies and is resurrected motif from our last discussion). Just be specific in referencing other stories.Some possible angles to consider in composing your post: This myth ends with the following lines: Who among us can escape our fate? Who among us can use our wisdom, or our courage, or our strength, or our skill to this end? No one. How do Goshtasp and Esfandyar remain true to their principles? What effect does predestination have on the characters in this myth? How would predestination affect the way an individual lives? Esfandyar was a great warrio r who set in his heart to become the great ruler and King of Persia.His father knew that he was a great warrior and set him in his first task to defeat King Arjasp of Turan. Esfandyar then defeated Arjasp and his Demon warriors and caused them to flee from Persia. When Esfandyar returned to his father victorious and demanded that he be the King of Persia his father responded by sending him on another quest and to spread the word of Urmazd. When his father heard from a jealous nobleman that his son was going to over throw him from the thrown, he became so furious that he wanted to get rid of him at all cost.Because King Goshtasp knew he would not be able to defeat Arjasp and his army, safe his children or defend Persia all on his own he needed his son Esfandyar to help him succeed, so he let him go after imprisoning him. King Goshtasp also knew that his son would not fight for him unless he gave him the false believe of giving him the crown and becoming King. With this hope Esfandyar once again battled and defeated Arjasp, saved his brother and sisters after going through the seven stages of hardship.After all this his father still sent him on another journey to distract him from wanting the thrown after he knew that his son’s death was going to be on the hands of Rostam the great warrior. Even though Esfandyar knew his father was out to get him killed so that he would not precede him for the thrown he still went through with it because he has said â€Å"The brave warriors take the shortest route! A man has only one life to live and one death to face! And what will come is written in the stars! So it is best to be virtuous and valiant! After battling Rostam, Esfandyar was killed, and even though he knew that his father sent him there to be killed he knew â€Å"Urmazd will curse him for it! But, surely this was written in the stars in the heavens, and what is written there is sure to come! You are only the arm of fate. † This myth tells a lot abou t the Persian culture and the way they viewed the world. They had great faith and they knew with that faith came great power and privilege. Also they valued strength and had respect for it. They viewed strong men as heroes and worriers that had the ability to get what they want.This story is a myth because it has the belief of immortality and they used magic and power as a way to get what you want. By his great strength Esfandyar was able to win the seven stages and kill all that were in his way. This is similar to other myth in a way that myth always try to portray their heroes with God like strength, also the wisdom that these kings have in seeing the future and what is to come outlines their fate and their destiny. King Goshtasp has wisdom when he told his son â€Å"†¦one great victory does not entitle a prince to rule a Kingdom!And your hunger for power does not become you! † He knew that if a person becomes blinded by his ambition then it will get the best of him. K ing Goshtasp knew his son Esfandyar really wanted the thrown and will do anything to get it, and he remembered when he did the same thing with his father. That is why he plotted for his son’s death, because they believed in fate and that only what was written would come true. Esfandyar did not care that his fate was near. This myth teaches us many values that we need faith to live for and live by and that only what is destined for us will be.

Develop a media plan Essay

Introduction I am going to define the EYWA company media requirements. And as well as identifying target audience and consumer profile, analysis the product market factor of the EYWA Company. Analysis the creative requirements of an advertising message and identifying media merchandising requirements , confirm the media budget and legal and voluntary constraints of the company of EYWA. 2. Characteristics of the target audience from the advertising brief. Earth sprite products are 100% natural and effective reasonable and innovative. The target audience consist of woman who are beauty conscious and who are looking for natural products. They are aware of the adverse effects of chemical-based skin care products. They are looking for natural products which are good value for money and will their skin looking rediant  and help fight aging. 3. Prepare a detailed consumer profile EWYA Company Demographic information Gender – Females Age – 25-54 Marital status: half of married and half of single Level of educational attained: females professional, Wives of professional Income – approximately $150,000 Geography profile- inner city and suburban areas Psychographic information: Activity Interest Opinion Values Lifestyle 4. Analyses market factor to determine the reach and frequency required for each of the advertising media suggested in the brief. Media strategy: EWYA Company using media for advertising such as TV, radio, woman’s magazines and health magazines. EWYA Company also using some of social website for examples Face book and twitter could also highly effective. Point of sale display in a major super market or chemist chain should also be considered. Level of involvement: TV, radio, and magazines and social media are high level involvement. Point of sale display in a major super market or chemist chain comes in low level involvement. Product usage and lifecycle: product usage is high and product life cycle comes in four sections. Advertising message characteristics: it is reasonable price and 100% Australia owned. Product characteristics: The entire earth sprite product contains tamanu oil which has a unique capacity to support the formation of new tissue. Eywa is 100% Australian owned. Ewya products price are very affordable rather than the competitors’ products. Competitive situation: other similar products on the market in term of product features and pricing. Create brand awareness for the Earth sprite products and differentiate the brand from its many competitors.  Media enviourment : it is combination of electronic and hardcopy media enviourment. 5. (a) creative requirement Eywa using mainstream media. Images Action Colour Words Music and sound Colour plays important part in advertising. colour perception controlled by brain, eyes and influencing our emotions and actions and we can use many colour such as black, blue, red, white, yellow, green, pink etc. Through the action add to the creative message by demonstrating how the product can be used and features of the products. Images based on the impact you want to make on the consumer. Music and sound I the key element in advertising like using the advertising slogan as part of the sound experience for the consumer can also make a big impact through brand association. The cost of this promotion is $5 million. Advertising message and media implication: the catchy slogan â€Å"Reconnect† with nature. Eywa is 100% Australian owned.  Ewya products price are very affordable rather than the competitors’ products. 6. Outline the product or service merchandising requirements Point of sale display space in a major super market or chemist chain should also be considered. Merchandising refer to any activity that aims to sell products or service using point of sale The product or service advertising be relevant to the specific communities. The product and service have an association with a specific media vehicle. A media merchandising strategy is to adopt a brand extension strategy. 7. Identify any relevant local, national or international legislation or standard that you may need to consider.

Strategic Management and Business Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Management and Business Policy - Essay Example It does not, however, imply centralized decision authority. Business policy determines strategic development of industries, sectors and markets. Business policy helps to indicate what changes in present situations may mean for the future and how a company can influence its market destiny. It induces innovative and risk-taking possibilities. By anticipating future situations, it guides present actions, which in turn shape the future. Business policy must not only concern itself with problems of the immediate future, such as the advertising campaign for next year's sales; it must deal with long-range problems as well. Intermediate and long-range marketing intelligence is a basic requisite for planning and decision making (Wheelen 32). Through its insights into risks and opportunity, Business policy can be used to redirect corporate effort to more profitable objectives. By anticipating changes and treating them as opportunities, it often leads to a redesign of marketing strategy, to development of longer-range perspectives, and to cultivation of a viewpoint of what can be done to adjust the corporate effort. The very bulk of marketing knowledge and the necessities of involving many departments add to the difficulties of obtaining adequate information. United Air Lines attacks this problem through a centralized information center near Chicago that accumulates and digests information from regional centers across the country. This center daily briefs management on the company's performance during the preceding 24 hours, including a digest of the performance of competitors (Wheelen 32). Business policy determines and stipulates interorganizational relations and strategic choices of companies. Business policy is concerned with social well-being and competition. But, in addition, marketing is rooted in profitable business action. Striking a balance between profitable marketing practice and the national interest presents a difficult challenge. Conflicts may arise. What is best for an individual firm, or what is sound marketing practice for it, may not be consonant with desired goals of society. If business can run itself according to desired social goals, then governmental power and regulation may be kept to a minimum. Competitive markets have proven to be the most progressive economically and the most just socially. A market system responds to the wishes and standards of society. Competition and keen business rivalry assure customers of those items that best satisfy their wants and needs while rewarding the most efficient firms. By so doing, the marketing system serve s as both a regulated and a regulating mechanism (Wheelen 88). Government regulation of marketing is the result of a long evolution of acts, court decisions, and interpretations. It aims to protect our competitive system by seeking to prevent unfair and unreasonable competition, and by assuring entry and growth of competitors. Although it is relatively easy to state desirable goals for government regulations, the design and enforcement of such goals in specific instances, through legal actions and court decisions, is difficult at best. The complexity and multidimensional nature of the marketing process, coupled with its innovative base, indicates the likelihood of some uncertainty about legal issues in marketing (Wheelen 66). Where guidelines are clear,

The Achievement Of Success In An Individuals Life Essay

The Achievement Of Success In An Individuals Life - Essay Example I could either choose an easy path by dropping out of university or I could put in my efforts to adapt to my surroundings and face the problems. I chose the difficult path because I understood that education and knowledge serve to be important in the life of a person. I put in all my strength to cope up with the educational requirements of the university and I was assisted by my faculty members, who understood my problem and were highly supportive. English is not my first language and I did not hold much expertise in the language. I got enrolled in an English University where English was the medium of education. The lectures were delivered in English and English was the language used for communication with the teachers as well as the other students. The books were in English as well. My English language skills were not very good and it was a very difficult phase for me. This was because of my writing, reading as well as communication skills were not up to the mark and I had to put in much hard work to cope with my studies. I found it difficult to take down notes during the lectures. This was because I had to pay full attention towards listening to the teacher to understand the lecture and if I started taking notes, I used to lag behind in the lecture. Note taking was also an issue as I could not spell words properly and my writing speed was not up to the mark as well. I could not understand the normally used abbreviations as I was not familiar with them and had not used them before.  

Please discuss the following question with philosophy ethics and Essay - 2

Please discuss the following question with philosophy ethics and knowledge - Essay Example The concept of maximum utility notion of utilitarianism involves lack of suffering, economic well-being and pleasure. In justice and fairness, for instance, utilitarianism accounts that the rights of an individual are less important than the good of many people. Therefore, the utilitarian theory is considerate on people’s demands. The state of the world, on the other hand, is what places greater demands on different people. Individual needs are what corrupt utilitarianism. The ill-will nature of individuals is what leads to suffering. If individual’s needs are highly prioritized, then happiness would be achieved, and utilitarianism would demand very little from the people. Peter Singer’s reply is quite convincing when it comes to the roles of utilitarianism in people’s lives. This is because utilitarianism does not distinguish what people do from what they allow to happen. An individual’s innate feelings, self-ago and view of others are what necessitates or results into suffering. If utilitarianism is too demanding as critiques put it, then everyone is morally obligated to suffering which is not the case with utilitarian