A Tale Of Two Cities: Dr. Alexandre Manette :: essays research papers fc

A Tale Of Two Cities Dr. Alexandre ManetteDr. Alexandre Manette the great survivor of the Bastille and father toLucie Manette. Dr.Manette is the most important character in the book. end-to-end the book he is the stories backbone. Few sub games ignore Manette.Dr. Manette loves his daughter. She is the world to him, without her hewould still be a crazed old man. Dr. Manettes love for his daughter is clearthroughout the story he expresses his thought verbally. When his daughter Lucieis married he tells her Consider how natural and how plain it is, my dear, thatit should be so. You, devoted and young, cannot fully appreciate the anxiety Ihave felt that your life should not be wasted.1 Dr.Manette is a very caring man.Caring, that is the one adjective I would use to describe Dr.Manette.As I said before Dr.Manette loves his daughter. Lucie Manette is hisdriving force. Dr.Manette compulsions little except for his daughter to live a fulland happy life and himself to be a piece of music of it. His desire to be a part of Lucielife makes it hard for him to give her up to Charles Darnay. After the weddingDr.Manette says Take her, Charles. She is yours.2 He does so with a quitesadness.A huge portion of the story revolves about Dr.Manettes past suffering inthe Bastille. The Doctors Bastille time is pure hell. Ever after being freed hestill mumbles crazy things such as It is a ladys shoe. It is a young ladyswalking-shoe. It is in the present mode. I have had a pattern in my hand.3Outbursts such as that show that he is not nor may he ever heal his scars.Though the book starts after his imprisonment, his Bastille time contains hisactions that effects the stories plot the most. The action that truly stands outis his writing and hiding of the letter that later convicts Charles Darnay. Theexposure of the letter during the trail is in my opinion the most interesting squirm in A Tale Of Two Cities.Dr.Manette has few contacts with the Defarges however in my opinion thedoctors main conflict is with them. In the Defarges quest for vengeance againstthe Evermondes they come upon apposing paths with the doctor. The Defarges wantDarnay dead. The doctor can not let Darnay die for he has become a large part ofhis daughters life. The death of Darnay would bare heavily on Lucies shoulders.We slang this when Lucie pleas with Madam Defarge commanding You will be good to

Acupuncture :: essays research papers fc

acupuncture is considered to be a new alternative euphony in western society, and has recently become very popular in the United States (All About Acupuncture). Acupuncture is the insertion of hair-fine needles into the bodys surface, which is supposed to cause psychological effects on the body to cure the patient of an illness. These illnesses may be emotional mental or physical (Singer). nevertheless some doctors question the validity of this practice, and believe that acupuncture may be unsafe (Barrett).The first basis of acupuncture was probably first theorized by Shen Nung nearly 5000 years ago in a document called Huang Di Nei Jing (Singer). Shen Nung believed that there is an energy force running done the entire body called Qi (pronounced chee). Qi travels through the body in meridians or channels. These meridians run vertically up and down the bodys surface (Singer). The Qi is supposed to be the mental, spiritual, emotional, and physical aspects of life. The Qi reacting with the forces of the Yin and Yang influence a persons health (Singer). The Yin and Yang represent the positive and negative forces in the universe (All About Acupuncture). Yin is signified by female attributes, passive, dark, cold, moist, that which moves medially Yang is signified by male attributes, light, active, warm, dry, that which moves laterally (Singer). If the Qi in a persons body is not in counterbalance with the Yin and Yang then an illness will befall the person, and he or she should be treated with acupuncture, which corrects this imbalance (Singer). The process of acupuncture requires the placement of needles at acupuncture points so the Qi can be balanced. There are about nine different kinds of acupuncture needles, although six needles are commonly used today (Singer). The needles divert in size, length, and shape of the head. These needles can be placed between 15 and 90 angles depending on the treatment that is required. Also the needles may be raised, pushed , twirled or pick off (vibration of the needle) to cause sensations called deqi to correct the Qi imbalance in the body. Electrical currents may also be applied to the needles to allow stimulation at the acupuncture points. Acupuncture is often accompanied by acupressure and burning of herbs near the skin to help correct Qi imbalances (Singer). There are several different theories as to how acupuncture possibly works. First acupuncture might possibly cut pain off from reaching the spinal cord or the brain since some acupuncture points are located on neural structures.

Americas Fear of Evolution :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Americas Fear of EvolutionIn August of 1999, the teaching of maturation in schools was banned by the state of Kansas. In Texas, educators bear debated every rate which textbooks to use in grade school science solely by the language of evolution each text contains. In Georgia, educators talk rough replacing the word evolution with the phrase biological changes over time. (1) Apparently, our apprehensions about teaching the theory of evolution are popping up all over the news. In hearing these debates, one usually thinks that it is only religious groups or fanatics trying to preserve their stories by eradicating the teaching of evolution. However, I think that culturally we see trouble accepting the theory of evolution because of other stories we tell ourselves. While religion does play a large role in our stories of creation, we have many a(prenominal) ethics and ideals outside of faith that contrast with the theory of evolution. We may have trouble facing the facts of evolution because of what it says about the human race. Accepting the theory of evolution places us on the same level as all other species in terms of how we came into existence and how that existence will end. It means letting go of many misconceptions we hold about ourselves. For example, that humans are somehow superior or meant to wield control over the earth. It affirms that we have not been hither for or so as long as our world, and will be long gone before the world ends. Evolution, it seems to me, touches more closely on our fears about death and our place in the grand scheme of things than it does on our faith. The reason evolution comes into such great conflict with religion is because questions such as, Where will we go after our lives here end? are so important to us. Consequently, the fear surrounding the theory of evolution belongs not only to the religious and the fanatical, but also to anyone who has ever asked him or herself such questions. America was founded on the concep ts of idealism and opportunism we all are brought up to take advantage of our opportunities and succeed to the best of our abilities. The nature of evolution is to go against these ideals. Evolution occurs randomly, meaning the human race did not earn its place as sovereign of the earth. As Americans, we see ourselves working toward a society that is finisher and closer to perfection.

Can Utopia be obtained in a Capitalist Society :: essays research papers

In a capitalist company can utopia truly be obtained? I really dont think so because if utopia is defined as a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, political sympathies, and social conditions, then a place where everything is perfect for everyone is not likely. Perfection, I believe, cannot be obtained in a capitalist society because of arguing. Competition can help society in many areas, such as improving technology, forcing individuals to work harder, and making more money for the overall economy. But ideal perfection cant be realistic with competition. Because of competition, in my opinion, perfection in laws cannot be attain. One reason I think this is true is because of the many laws that governments of a capitalist society has such as monopoly be outlawed. Laws are not ideal perfect because they are some people who would want to generate more money and cant because of some law that would balk them to do so. There might also be some ethical issues amid busines ses that might lead to imperfection. There might be some communal law within businesses that might be unfair for other business that makes society imperfect. Ideal perfection means that all people in the society are not only happy with their economic status but also have no need to improve on that, and when we have competition playing a major part in our society, there is no chance of improvement not happening. Government perfection is really hard to attained because it is rare when everyone agrees on something that the government provides. Government has to maintain not only a good economic system, but also a stable society. In an ideally perfect government there cannot be any differentiation in taxes, nor can there be such a great discrimination between upper class and lower class. In a capitalistic society there is differentiation in taxes and a wide gap between upper and lower class incomes. A good, successful government in my opinion cannot be ideally perfect. I would think t hat that could only happen if the government controls the people, like a communist country, but then that in the societys point of view isnt perfect either. Can social conditions really be perfect, ideally perfect, for everyone? This is I believe the strongest argument against attaining utopia. What is perfect social conditions, is it everyone having a job, family, and values. Is it following the economic system and trying to reach for the ultimate tendency in a capitalist society, which is the bottom line.

The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay -- The Crucible Arthur Miller Essa

The Crucible by Arthur milling machineArthur Miller was an American playwright who was born in 1915. Hegrew up in New York to a Jewish family. He graduated from theUniversity of Michigan in 1938 where he began to distinguish himselfas a playwright. His first plays were Honors at Dawn (1936) and NoVillain (1937) which won the University of Michigan Hopwood Awards. His Death of a Salesman won the Pulitzer prize in 1949. Miller wroteThe Crucible in 1953 during the McCarthy period when Americans wereaccusing each early(a) of Pro-Communist beliefs. Many of Millersfriends were being attacked as communists and in 1956, Miller himselfwas brought before the House of Un-American Activities Committee wherehe was found guilty of beliefs in communism. The verdict was reversedin 1957 in an appeals court. Miller married Marylin Monroe in 1956but divorced her in 1961.The Crucible is set against the backdrop of the mad enamor hunts ofthe Salem witch trials in the late 17th century. It is about a t own,after accusations from a few girls, which begins a mad hunt forwitches that did not exist. Many townspeople were hanged on chargesof witchcraft. Miller brings out the absurdity of the incident withthe theme of truth and righteousness. The theme is conveyed through with(predicate)the struggles of Millers main character, John Proctor.SummaryAct unmatchable begins with Reverend Parris praying over her daughter, BettyParris, who lies unconscious on her bed. Through conversationsbetween Reverend Parris and his niece Abigail Williams, and betweenseveral girls, the audience learns that these girls, including Abigailand Betty, were engaged in occultic activities in the forest reach byTituba, Parris slave from Barbados. Parris caug... ... became more pure thanthe common Puritans, dying as a martyr wish the original apostles. Helearned what truth meant through his suffering.Through Proctors struggle, Miller displays the struggles within eachof our own hearts. Many times we have witne ssed some wrong happeningto some other person and wished not to get involved. However,sometimes, like Proctor, there might be something that forces us in. Would we be quit after only saving our wife like Proctor could havedone, or would we go for the entire community as Proctor did?ConclusionThe story reminds its readers of an ugly blemish on human history. It reminds us that man is not perfect, and that we can make mistakes. However, even with these mistakes, we can cleanse ourselves and purifyourselves by making what is wrong right. The sufferings become to thesufferer like a crucible.

Comparing the Role of the Black in the South in Clotelle and Absalom, A

Role of the Black in the Southern Family as demonstrate in Clotelle and Absalom, Absalom Southern literary works, more than anything else, is a discussion of the family. And in the family, particularly the Southern family, no question is as pivotal--or causes as many disputes--as who belongs? Southern Literature has been, in many ways, a order of exclusion. From a culture built upon controlling and utilizing an entire race for the express purpose of advancing a nonher, a canon of yearning and despair is left. And in no place is this as clear as within the family, the unit by nature designed to nurture and support--and lastly overcome. Stereotypically, the family longed for by every Southerner is one of impeccable repute, a white triumph, clean of any African blood, with a heritage predating the Revolution and a lineage arrival beyond the next millennium. Clotelle, by William Wells Brown, is an appeal to the Southern ideal that blacks do not and can not fit into the traditiona l, lily-white aristocratic familial structure which ruled the South during his time--and reigned for many years thereafter. Traditional Southern canon emphasizes the Thomas Sutpens--of William Faulkners Absalom, Absalom --who ejects African-Americans from his family (as he attempts to create a new one), and men the likes of the Sheriff of Charles W. Chesnutts The Sheriffs Children, who sells a pregnant slave--carrying his unborn mulatto squirt--into slavery. The advancement and protection of ones name is also highlighted by Sutpen and by Clara Hohlfelder in another Chesnutt tale, Her Virginia Mammy. These are ideals which Brown understands and resists, and tries--ultimately in vain--to defy. Clotelle does not adjust itself to the tr... ...ildren are born as a result--are disposed of as quietly as possible, in order to keep the familial superstructure as maximally pure as possible. A white man does not marry a slave, or make a respectable woman of her. He keeps her and his child in a shed outside of town, he sends them to New Orleans, or sells them to the rice swamps to toil under the whip for the remainder of their lives. Southern literature excludes the African-American from its families, thus robbing her of her identity and forcing her to become a mere brick in the base below the superstructure. Works Cited Brown, William Wells. Clotelle. Miami Mnemosyne Publishing, 1969. Chesnutt, Charles W. Her Virginia Mammy and The Sheriffs Children. Collected Stories of Charles W. Chesnutt. New York Penguin, 1992. 114-148. Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom New York Vintage, 1990.

Comparing the Role of the Black in the South in Clotelle and Absalom, A

Role of the Black in the Southern Family as Evidenced in Clotelle and Absalom, Absalom Southern Literature, more than anything else, is a discussion of the family. And in the family, particularly the Southern family, no question is as pivotal--or causes as many disputes--as who belongs? Southern Literature has been, in many ways, a canon of exclusion. From a culture built upon controlling and utilizing an entire race for the express purpose of advancing another, a canon of animated and despair is left. And in no place is this as clear as within the family, the unit by nature designed to nurture and support--and ultimately overcome. Stereotypically, the family longed for by every Southerner is one of impeccable repute, a white triumph, clean of any African blood, with a heritage predating the Revolution and a lineage reaching beyond the next millennium. Clotelle, by William Wells Brown, is an appeal to the Southern ideal that African-Americans do not and can not fit into the tradi tional, lily-white aristocratic familial anatomical structure which ruled the South during his time--and reigned for many years thereafter. Traditional Southern canon emphasizes the Thomas Sutpens--of William Faulkners Absalom, Absalom --who ejects African-Americans from his family (as he attempts to create a new one), and men like the Sheriff of Charles W. Chesnutts The Sheriffs Children, who sells a pregnant slave--carrying his unborn mulatto child--into slavery. The advancement and protection of ones name is also highlighted by Sutpen and by Clara Hohlfelder in another Chesnutt tale, Her Virginia Mammy. These are ideals which Brown understands and resists, and tries--ultimately in vain--to defy. Clotelle does not queue itself to the tr... ...ildren are born as a result--are disposed of as quietly as possible, in order to keep the familial superstructure as maximally utter(a) as possible. A white man does not marry a slave, or make a respectable woman of her. He keeps her and his child in a shed outside of town, he sends them to New Orleans, or sells them to the rice swamps to toil under the whip for the remainder of their lives. Southern literature excludes the African-American from its families, thereof robbing her of her identity and forcing her to become a mere brick in the base below the superstructure. Works Cited Brown, William Wells. Clotelle. Miami Mnemosyne Publishing, 1969. Chesnutt, Charles W. Her Virginia Mammy and The Sheriffs Children. Collected Stories of Charles W. Chesnutt. New York Penguin, 1992. 114-148. Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom New York Vintage, 1990.

Bioremediation

BIOREMEDIATION Bioremediation is such(prenominal) type of technology in which micro-organism, fungi, bacteria, plant life and in that location is use to convert polluted condition in to original condition. Through bioremediation process microorganism act on pollutant or on chemicals due to which pollution occur and help that thing to come back in its original condition. Bioremediation is an option to offers the possibility to destroy or renders various harmful thing d unrivalled natural biological activity. PRINCIPLES OF BIOREMEDIATION Bioremediation is the case of environmental bioengineering . y definition bioremediation is the use of microorganism, to degrade environment pollutant in to less toxic form. in this microorganism may be original to a contaminant atomic number 18a or may be isolated from different ara and brought to that atomic number 18a. Microorganisms start utilizing toxic mall and convert in to non toxic form from toxic form. In bioremediation metaboli c process is also involved through which different enzyme rel relaxation behavior and act on toxic substances or on contaminants due to this bio humiliation occur.When microorganism bought to soil or polluted situate to enhance degradation that process is called bioaugmentation. For bioremediation to be effective, microorganism mustiness enzymatically attack the pollutants and converts them in to non toxic form. n Bioremediation has its limitation, slightly contaminants such as chlorinated organic compound and aromatic hydrocarbon are resistant to microbial attack . bioremediation proficiencys are typically more economical than traditional method.FACTORS OF BIOREMEDIATION These work outs allow in the existence of a microbial commonwealth capable of degrading the pollutants, the availability of contaminants to the microbial population, the environment factor (soil,temperature,pH,the presence of group O or other electron acceptor, and nutrients. ) MICROBIAL POPULATION FOR BIO REMEDIATION PROCESS Microorganism isolated from from any environment condition. microbes adapt nd turn over at subzero temperatures ,as well as extreme heat, in piddle with excess of oxygen and in anaerobic condition,with the presence of precarious condition or hazardous compound or any redundance stream. the main requirements are an energy source and a carbon source. because of microbes and other biological system ,these quarter be utilize to degrade or remediate environmental hazards. Microbes ignore be divide in to groups according to their activity and condition. Anaerobic- in the absence of oxygen. naerobic bacteria cannot used frequently as a aerobic bacteria. on that point is an increasing interest in anaerobic bacteria use for bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)in river sediment,ination of dechlorination of solvent trichloroethylene(TCE),and chloroform Lingninolytic fungi-fungi such as the white rot fungus phanaerochaete chrysosporium have the ablity to degrade an extremely diverse weave of persistent or toxic environmental pollutants.Common substrate used include starw,sawdust,or corn cobs. Methylotrophs-aerobic bacteria that grow utilizing methane for carbon and energy. the initialenzyme in the pathway for aerobic degradation,methane monooxygenase,has a broad substrate range and active against a wide range of compounds ,including the chlorinated aliphatics trichloroethylene and 1,2-dichloroethane For degradationnit is necessary that bacteria and contaminant in proper contact and in proper beat. Class of contaminants Specific examples Aerobic Anaerobic More capability sources Chlorinated solvents Trichloroethylene + Drycleaners Perchloroethylene Chemical manufacture Electrical Polychlorinated biphenyls 4-Chlorobiphenyl + manufacturing Power station 4,4-Dichlorobiphenyl Railway yards Timber treatment Landfills Chlorinated phenol Pentachlorophenol + BTEX Benzene Toluene + + Oil production and stock Ethy lbenzene Xylene Gas work sites Airports Paint manufacture Port facilities Railway yards Chemical manufacture Polyaromatic hydrocarbons Naphthalene Antracene + Oil production and storage (PAHs) Fluorene Pyrene Gas work sites nose candy plants Benzo(a)pyrene Engine works Landfills Tar production and storage Boiler ash dump sites Power stations Atrazine Carbaryl Agriculture Carbofuran Coumphos Timber treatment plants Diazinon Glycophosphate Pesticide manufacture Pesticides Parathion Propham + + amateurish areas Landfills 2,4-D ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS NutrientsAlthough the microorganisms are present in contaminated soil, they cannot necessarily be there in the numbers require for bioremediation of the site. Their growth and activity must be stimulated. Biostimulation usually involves the addition of nutrients and oxygen to help indigenous microorgan- isms. These nutrients are the basic building blocks of life and allow mi crobes to create the necessary enzymes to break down the contaminants. all(a) of them will need nitrogen, phosphorous, and carbon (e. g. , see Table 2). Carbon is the most basic element of living forms and is needed in greater quantities than other elements. In addition to hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen it constitutes about 95% of the weight of cells. Table 2 Composition of a microbial cell.ElementPercentageElementPercentage Carbon 50 Sodium 1 due north 14 Calcium 0,5 Oxygen 20 Magnesium 0,5 Hydrogen 8 Chloride 0,5 Phosphorous 3 Iron 0,2 Sulfur 1 in all others 0,3 Potassium 1 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS NutrientsAlthough the microorganisms are present in contaminated soil, they cannot necessarily be there in the numbers required for bioremediation of the site. Their growth and activity must be stimulated. Biostimulation usually involves the addition of nutrients and oxygen to help indigenous microorgan- isms. These nutrients are the basic building blocks of life and allow micro bes to create the necessary enzymes to break down the contaminants. All of them will need nitrogen, phosphorous, and carbon (e. g. , see Table 2). Carbon is the most basic element of living forms and is needed in greater quantities than other elements. In addition to hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen it constitutes about 95% of the weight of cells. Table 2 Composition of a microbial cell. ElementPercentageElementPercentage Carbon 50 Sodium 1 normality 14 Calcium 0,5 Oxygen 20 Magnesium 0,5 Hydrogen 8 Chloride 0,5 Phosphorous 3 Iron 0,2 Sulfur 1 All others 0,3 Potassium 1 Microbial growth and activity are readily affected by pH, temperature, and moisture. Although microorganisms have been also isolated in extreme conditions, most of them grow optimumly over a nar- row range, so that it is important to achieve optimal conditions. If the soil has too much acid it is possible to rinse the pH by adding lime. Temperature affects bio- chemical reactions rates, and the rates of many of them double for each 10 C rise in temperature. Above a certain temperature, however, the cells die.Plastic covering can be used to enhance solar warming in late spring, summer, and autumn. Available pissing is essential for all the living organisms, and irrigation is needed to achieve the optimal moisture level. The amount of available oxygen will determine whether the system is aerobic or anaerobic. Hydrocarbons are readily degraded under aerobic conditions, whereas chlorurate compounds are degraded only in anaerobic ones. To increase the oxygen amount in the soil it is possible to till or sparge air. In some cases, hydrogen peroxide or magnesium peroxide can be introduced in the environment. Soil structure controls the effective delivery of air, water, and nutrients.To improve soil structure, materials such as gypsum or organic matter can be applied. Low soil permeability can impede move- ment of water, nutrients, and oxygen hence, soils with low permeability may not be approp riate for in situ clean-up techniques. BIOREMEDIATION STRATEGIES Different techniques are employed depending on the degree of saturation and aeration of an area. In situ techniques are defined as those that are applied to soil and groundwater at the site with minimal distur- bance. Ex situ techniques are those that are applied to soil and groundwater at the site which has been removed from the site via minelaying (soil) or pumping (water).Bioaugmentation techniques involve the addition of microorganisms with the ability to degrade pollutants. In situ bioremediation These techniques 11,12 are generally the most desirable options due to lower cost and less misgiving since they provide the treatment in place avoiding excavation and transport of contaminants. In situ treatment is limited by the depth of the soil that can be effectively treated. In many soils effective oxy- gen diffusion for desirable rates of bioremediation extend to a range of only a few cen cartridge clipters to ab out 30 cm into the soil, although depths of 60 cm and greater have been effectively treated in some cases. The most important lay treatments areBioventing is the most common in situ treatment and involves supplying air and nutrients through wells to contaminated soil to stimulate the indigenous bacteria. Bioventing employs low air flow rates and provides only the amount of oxygen necessary for the biodegradation maculation minimizing volatiliza- tion and release of contaminants to the atmosphere. It works for simple hydrocarbons and can be used where the contamination is deep under the surface. In situ biodegradation involves supplying oxygen and nutrients by circulating aqueous solutions through contaminated soils to stimulate naturally occurring bacteria to degrade organic contaminants. It can be used for soil and groundwater.Generally, this technique includes conditions such as the infil- tration of water-containing nutrients and oxygen or other electron acceptors for groundwat er treatment. Biosparging. Biosparging involves the injection of air under pressure below the water table to increase groundwater oxygen concentrations and enhance the rate of biological degradation of contam- inants by naturally occurring bacteria. Biosparging increases the mixing in the saturated zone and there- by increases the contact between soil and groundwater. The ease and low cost of installing small-diam- eter air injection points allows considerable flexibility in the design and construction of the system. Bioaugmentation. Bioremediation frequently involves the addition of microorganisms indigenous or exogenous to the contaminated sites.Two factors limit the use of added microbial cultures in a land treatment unit 1) nonindigenous cultures rarely compete well enough with an indigenous population to develop and sustain useful population levels and 2) most soils with long-term exposure to biodegrad- able waste have indigenous microorganisms that are effective degrades if t he land treatment unit is well managed. Ex situ bioremediation Ex situ bioremediation These techniques involve the excavation or removal of contaminated soil from ground. Landfarming is a simple technique in which contaminated soil is excavated and spread over a pre- pared bed and periodically tilled until pollutants are degraded. The goal is to stimulate indigenous biodegradative microorganisms and facilitate their aerobic degradation of contaminants. In general, the practice is limited to the treatment of superficial 1035 cm of soil.Since landfarming has the potential to reduce monitoring and maintenance costs, as well as clean-up liabilities, it has received much atten leum hydrocarbons they are a refined version of landfarming that tend to control physical losses of the contaminants by leaching and volatilization. Biopiles provide a sociable environment for indigenous aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Bioreactors. Slurry reactors or aqueous reactors are used for ex situ tr eatment of contaminated soil and water pumped up from a contaminated plume. Bioremediation in reactors involves the pro- cessing of contaminated solid material (soil, sediment, sludge) or water through an engineered con- tainment system.A slurry bioreactor may be defined as a containment vessel and apparatus used to cre- ate a three-phase (solid, liquid, and gas) mixing condition to increase the bioremediation rate of soil- bound and water-soluble pollutants as a water slurry of the contaminated soil and biomass (usually indigenous microorganisms) capable of degrading target contaminants. In general, the rate and extent of biodegradation are greater in a bioreactor system than in situ or in solid-phase systems because the contained environment is more manageable and hence more controllable and predictable. Despite the advantages of reactor systems, there are some disadvantages. The contaminated soil requires pre treat- ment (e. g. , excavation) or alternatively the contaminant can b e stripped from the soil via soil washing or physical extraction (e. g. , vacuum extraction) before being determined in a bioreactor. Table 4 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of bioremediation. Table 4 Summary of bioremediation strategies. Technology Examples Benefits Limitations Factors to consider In situ In situ bioremediation Most cost efficient environmental constraints Biodegradative abilities of Biosparging Bioventing Noninvasive comparatively Extended treatment time indigenous microorganisms Bioaugmentation passive Natural attenuation Monitoring difficulties Presence of metals and processes other inorganics Environmental Treats soil and water parameters Biodegradability of pollutants Chemical solubility Geological factors Distribution of pollutants Ex situ Landfarming Composting Cost efficient Space requirements See above Biopiles Low cost Extended treatment time Can be done on site Need to control abiotic loss Mass transf er problem Bioavailability limitation Bioreactors Slurry reactors Rapid degradation energizing Soil requires excavation See above Bioaugmentation Aqueous reactors Optimized environmental Relatively high cost Toxicity of amendments Toxic parameters capital concentrations of contaminants Enhances mass transfer Relatively high operating Effective use of inoculants cost and surfactants Advantages of bioremediation Bioremediation is a natural process and is therefore perceived by the public as an acceptable waste treatment process for contaminated material such as soil. Microbes able to degrade the con- taminant increase in numbers when the contaminant is present when the contaminant is degrad- ed, the biodegradative population declines. The residues for the treatment are usually harmless products and include carbon dioxide, water, and cell biomass. Theoretically, bioremediation is useful for the complete destruction of a wide variety of contam- inants.Many compou nds that are legally considered to be hazardous can be transformed to harm- less products. This eliminates the chance of future liability associated with treatment and dispos- al of contaminated material. Instead of transferring contaminants from one environmental medium to another, for example, from land to water or air, the complete destruction of target pollutants is possible. Bioremediation can often be carried out on site, often without do a major disruption of nor- mal activities. This also eliminates the need to transport quantities of waste off site and the poten- tial threats to human health and the environment that can arise during transportation. Bioremediation can prove less expensive than other technologies that are used for clean-up of hazardous waste. Disadvantages of bioremediation Bioremediation is limited to those compounds that are biodegradable. Not all compounds are sus- ceptible to rapid and complete degradation. There are some concerns that the products of bi odegradation may be more persistent or toxic than the parent compound. Biological processes are often highly specific. Important site factors required for success include the presence of metabolically capable microbial populations, suitable environmental growth con- ditions, and appropriate levels of nutrients and contaminants. It is difficult to extrapolate from bench and pilot-scale studies to all-out field operations. Research is needed to develop and engineer bioremediation technologies that are appropriate for sites with complex mixtures of contaminants that are not evenly dispersed in the environment. Contaminants may be present as solids, liquids, and gases. Bioremediation often takes longer than other treatment options, such as excavation and removal of soil or incineration. Regulatory uncertainty remain regarding acceptable performance criteria for bioremediation. There is no accepted definition of clean, evaluating performance of bioremediation is difficult, and there are no acceptable endpoints for bioremediation treatments. PHYTOREMEDIATIONAlthough the application of microbe biotechnology has been successful with petroleum-based con- stituents, microbial digestion has met limited success for widespread residual organic and metals pol- lutants. Vegetation- based remediation shows potential for accumulating, immobilizing, and transform- ing a low level of persistent contaminants. In natural ecosystems, plants act as filters and metabolize substances generated by nature. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants to remove contaminants from soil and water 1416. The term phytoremediation is relatively new, coined in 1991. Its potential for promote the biodegradation of organic contaminants requires further research, although it may be a promising area for the future.We can find five types of phytoremediation techniques, classified based on the contaminant fate phytoextraction, phytotransformation, phytostabilization, phytodegradatio n, rhizofiltration, even if a combination of these can be found in nature. Phytoextraction or phytoaccumulation is the process used by the plants to accumulate contami- nants into the roots and aboveground shoots or leaves. This technique saves tremendous remediation cost by accumulating low levels of contaminants from a widespread area. Unlike the degradation mech- anisms, this process produces a mass of plants and contaminants (usually metals) that can be transport- ed for disposal or recycling.Phytotransformation or phytodegradation refers to the uptake of organic contaminants from soil, sediments, or water and, subsequently, their transformation to more stable, less toxic, or less mobile form. metal chromium can be reduced from hexavalent to trivalent chromium, which is a less mobile and noncarcinogenic form. Phytostabilization is a technique in which plants reduce the mobility and migration of contami- nated soil. Leachable constituents are adsorbed and bound into the plant st ructure so that they form a stable mass of plant from which the contaminants will not reenter the environment. Phytodegradation or rhizodegradation is the breakdown of contaminants through the activity existing in the rhizosphere.This activity is due to the presence of proteins and enzymes produced by the plants or by soil organisms such as bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Rhizodegradation is a symbiotic rela- tionship that has evolved between plants and microbes. Plants provide nutrients necessary for the microbes to thrive, while microbes provide a healthier soil environment. Rhizofiltration is a water remediation technique that involves the uptake of contaminants by plant roots. Rhizofiltration is used to reduce contamination in natural wetlands and estuary areas. In Table 5, we can see an overview of phytoremediation applications. Table 5 Overview of phytoremediation applications. TechniquePlant mechanismSurface mediumPhytoextractionUptake and concentration of metal viaSoils direct u ptake into the plant tissue with subsequent removal of the plants PhytotransformationPlant uptake and degradation of organicSurface water, groundwater compounds PhytostabilizationRoot exudates cause metal to precipitateSoils, groundwater, mine tailing and become less available PhytodegradationEnhances microbial degradation inSoils, groundwater within rhizosphere rhizosphere RhizofiltrationUptake of metals into plant rootsSurface water and water pumped PhytovolatilizationPlants evaportranspirate selenium, mercury,Soils and groundwater and volatile hydrocarbons Vegetative capRainwater is evaportranspirated by plantsSoils to prevent leaching contaminants from disposal sitesPhytoremediation is well suited for use at very large field sites where other methods of remedia- tion are not cost effective or practicable at sites with a low concentration of contaminants where only polish treatment is required over long periods of time and in conjunction with other technologies where vegetation i s used as a final cap and closure of the site. There are some limitations to the technology that it is necessary to consider carefully before it is selected for site remediation long duration of time for remediation, potential contamination of the vegetation and viands chain, and difficulty establishing and maintaining vegetation at some sites with high toxic levels. .

Can digital art be considered fine art Essay

The debate between traditional prowess and digital imposture has been going on for some time. People argue that nontextual matter is art so long as it involves universal expression of imagination creativity and storytelling. Whether it is through moving-picture show, music, painting or sculpting so long as it delivers the intended purpose. These race point that the medium does not matter and all that matters is the content. Some people argue that digital art is not art, it is basically a collection of photo shops for people who dont know how to draw. Digital art does not involve talent emotion and insight. Anyone who can take a photo can do this. Digital painters simply bash together tangible painters works and other various photos to form images. These people argue that digital art is computer generated because not real as there are infinite copies since there is no original. This notion and perception is entirely right. Digital art is not real art because it contains less aspects of creativity of art and design. Un similar like the traditional art and paintings digital works show less emotions and creativity of the artist.Before television camera invention artist had the main role off depicting the real world. Art has been changing in the subject it shows though every time its a window to real world. The invention of camera and other digital machines has redefined art. The digital artists are not really talented artists because they simply rely on the computers to produce their work. Without the computers, such artists are rendered useless. The digitalized art is not as deep and moving as the traditional art. It does not show much emotion like the one done using paint and brush (Horowitz, Hill & Hayes, 2009). tralatitious painting depicts more originality and authenticity. It brings out the artists true ability of creativity and imagination. On the contrary, digital art does not reveal the true capacity of the artist. The artists have fair(a) taken shortcuts. They do not cover greater depth of creating and forming the images. Digital art does not show imagination or real creativity. Anyone with the knowledge of a computer and the camera can merge the pictures and painting on a computer to come up with digital art. One does not really have to be talented to make digital art plainly with traditional painting it is only for the talented who are able to reach out to the audience in a more natural way.Traditional art is more useful in conveying the artists message. The fact that the audience can see and even feel the piece of art gives traditional painting an speed hand than the digitalized art. No printer or computer can paint in impasto. For fine art, thick and textured paint is what makes the painting unique and special. The digital print is less unique because of the uniform surface. Traditional art is more is more involving than the digital one, the artist has to pay attention to details in decree to bring out the message or reach out to the audience. This gives traditional art more value. Traditional art has a special unique centre to the audience it feels more real and easy to relate to. Research shows that people have a better understanding and referion to things they can see raise up and smell than things, which they just see.Digital art is not an artists inventiveness but rather it is it is modification and merging of different pictures. Digital art like music, is a computerized copy mere fabrication and modification of true art programs and numerical cord. It has less to do with creativity. Traditional art is rarely replicated but digital art is replicated in many ways. This dilutes the aspect of art since fine art is supposed to be original.In digital art, a person has namelessness from construction and immunity to error. Clicking print and undo cannot be considered equal to brush work. Digital art is a mere manipulation of the real and traditional art. It is just meant for convenience in terms of accessibility and ease . An artist is able to create many pieces of art in a shorter time using the digital medium. People prefer accessing the arts through the digitalized devices but a person who appreciates real arts goes to the galleries and exhibition stores just to feel and acknowledge the real thrill. Digital art is meant for people who have less interest in fine art. The interested people and artist who value art prefer the traditional art as they can relate and derive better meaning from it compared to the digital art (Quora, 2014).ConclusionAs much as art is art, detail and dot of authenticity matters. Art is all about originality and creativity and digital art depict less of these qualities. This makes digital art to be considered irrelevant when compared to traditional art. Traditional art involves pure talent while digital art is merely the duplication and merging of different arts that already existed. Traditional art is easier to connect and relate to becau se they can be touched and seen at the same time.ReferencesHorowitz, P., Hill, W., & Hayes, T. C. (2009). The art of electronics (Vol. 2, p. 658). Cambridge Cambridge university press.Quora. Is digital really art?- December 2014. 10 Dec.2014 http//www.quora.com/Is-digital-art-really-artSource document

Is the glass half empty or half full? Essay

An optimist result view a half filled cup as half-full, while a pessimist sees it as half empty. Happiness is water, while humans are the cups. Humans tend to either strive get a full cup for themselves, or they help others filling their cups while treat their own blessedness. This is where a compromise comes in, where both cup and water must balance. Since it is very un carely to get what is preferred most of the time, it is essential to balance the full-page time. In The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Jay Gatsby finds himself in a predicament. The only motive he has in life is to marry his true love. He must choose money or love. People will lose their happiness to others, or try to take it all in all for themselves. Until an individual enkindle make compromises, they will struggle with life.The main display case Jay Gatsby has only been pursuing only his happiness. Gatsby looks at the ground and sees the blocks of the sidewalk really formed a ladder, and mou nted in a secret place above the trees he could climb to his if he climbed alone and once there he could suck on the pap of life, gulp knock down the incomparable milk of wonder. This shows Gatsbys character, as he can imprint his fantasies in the real world, on such a mundane object of life, the sidewalk. unless Gatsby can see it because only he can climb the ladder into the upper class, he cannot take Daisy with him. Once he is up there, he can maintain his ignorance of life and maintains his god-like complex in his mindless dream. This is a good example of a metaphor for life as pap means scatty substance or real value. He has to choose between his happiness or status. Jays friend Meyer Wolfsheim played with the faith of fifty million people, like a burglar blowing a safe. One single person affected fifty million people.The narrator incision Carraway is the only poor main character who lives on the pair of Eggs. Nick rents, Gatsby buys, and the Buchannans inherent. When Nick is offered a small job by Gatsby, he chooses to refuse. This could have bolstered his income and his happiness. Nick disapproved of Gatsby from the beginning to the end. Yet he aided and provided support to Gatsby with his wild plans. The only way Nick could escape his life was to get drunk. He gets drunk in Myrtles flat tire and has lots of fun. During one of Gatsbys parties, Nick took two fingerbowls of champagne, and the scene had changed before my eyes into something significant elemental and profound. Alcohol is his way out of this world, and this is one of the things he does not admit to. At one of the parties the woman under the white plum tree, symbolizing purity is accompanied by a famous theatre director. The director works his way up and kisses her. She does not pull back from the early signs of sexual misconduct, which shows us that the rich are not pure and want to curb ascending, even by resorting to sexual acts. Nick was going to berate Tom for such irresponsible behavior, then realized he was talking to a spoilt child. Nick reflects on the situation and comments, I couldnt forgive him or like Tom, but I saw what he had done was to him, highly justified. Nick sees that the rich are very irresponsible and careless and leave the poor to suffer. This cycle continues on and on, it will never stop unless everyone is equal, which will never overstep due to human nature.The only way for everyone to have equal amounts of happiness is if it is shared. Some of the thing that prevents this is when people either take away all of their happiness to give to someone else, causing an imbalance which may shape a person for the worst, which is known as spoiling them. If the opposite occurs, where one person takes all of the joy and leaves the consequences to someone else, everyone suffers, and nothing good ever comes out of it. As Nick Carraway once said, Laughter is easier, minute by minute, spilled with prodigality tipped by a cheerful world.

Anlysing of Tv Commercial

The Selected TV Commercial We have selected a television advertisment of bKash, a Brack bank company, for our given assignment. bKash is a service providing company newly launched in Bangladesh which mission is to provide financial services allowing people of Bangladesh to honestly channel and make funds via mobile devices that are convenient, affordable and reliable. The TV commercial in details Here on the add Sokhina is the main actress who is a garments worker and hires bKash regularly to send money home to her family.She narrates how bKash has made her life so much easier, and how it is transforming the lives of everyone around her too. How the other people are being benefitted by bKash according to this advertisement are describing below. Her neighbor Milon is a driver who used to receive his salary in cash. Milon is happy because bKash is a better means to keep his money safe as he does not have a bank account. He does not need to cash out the whole amount at a time. Ro nnie is the son of the Chairman of Sokhinas village who is a university student and lives on campus away from home.He needs to pay his learning fee urgently and calls his father to send him the money through bKash. He also assured his father not to be worried to lose the money as only he knows the block code to make the money cash. Soo it is secure even the cell phone is lost. Again her madam Nina buys some groceries from a nearby superstore and happily pays with bKash at the store. Nina likes stipendiary with bKash as it is simple, convenient and she no longer needs to carry cash. According to the TV commercial at present sending or receiving money victimisation bKash is only possible under Grameen Phone and Robi network throughout the country.WEB link http//www. bkash. com/video/something-everyone If facing any problem please visit http//www. facebook. com/Zelius. Miraz? fref=ts TARGET marketplace ANLYSIS Consumer markets can be segmented on the following customer characteris tics. * Geographic * Demographic * Psychographic Geographic Target Market If we consider well-nigh the geographical quarry market for bKash on the basis of the advertisement then it would be the whole Bangladesh where the network of GP and Robi is available as it talks about sending and receiving money from one end to another.Demographic Target Market Age masses of ages 18 to 50. On the add we have seen that Ronnie, a university student, needs to use bKash for the payment of his tuition fees again on the other hand Sokhina sends money to her parents through bKash. So all of them are the target market of bkash. Gender Both male and female. Income People who earn money and do not both are the target market of bkash as it is providing one type of banking service. Occupation Service Holder, Driver, Students, Housewife, Farmers, Businessman and so forth ccording to the advertisement only. Psychographic Target Market Social Class Lower, middle and upper. Attitude and beliefs Security co nscious. Behavioral Target Market Benefits sought Sokhina the garment worker describes about the benefits of bKash. User status Potential and regular. OBJECTIVE OF THE ADVERTISEMENT The main objective of the advertisement is to attract the people of all sectors especially including garments workers, other lower earning people, students and housewives to use the financial service of bKash. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

Racism & Ethnic Identity Essay

Race is evidently an important aspect in our Australian society today. It is personified in the biological makeup of an individual. Individuals of different racial background differ in physical appearance such as skin color, and facial features making DNA and genes the only cause behind these dissimilarities. some races have been introduced into this nation since decades and slowly have been recognized such as the albumen race and the Asian race.Ethnicity while slightly related to race is establish upon a persons cultural and social expression within an ethnic group this entails for instance that although one may be of a Caucasian descent born and raised in Australia they also may acquire an ethnic background from Greece and follow the Greek traditions and customs thus making them of Australian-Greek nationality.This makeup will recount the different races which exist in Australia as well as some popular ethnic backgrounds which this country has become familiar with whilst narrati ng and analyzing a number of issues facing ethnicity and race in our society today. The first issue facing ethnicity is the fact which promptly makes individuals assume that other persons of an ethnic descent be liable for criminal omissions. It is often simple for people to identify ethnic members when a crime is involved as it is much easier to classify these individuals due to their plain physical appearance.Conflict is a natural phase during times of miscellanea, however the next issue points out that it can become violent when that particular change is not managed properly and in a just way such as inequality of the distribution of power which could lead different sections of society against all(prenominal) other and form their own ethnic groups to compete for power in retaliation. Therefore conflict is likely to occur when communication between ethnic, religious or cultural groups deteriorates or breaks down resulting in more conflict and problematic situations.The third i ssue causing a stir in todays society is racism or racial discrimination. It is evident that immigrants have been disadvantaged in the work force as well as social welfare simply because of their racial background the law has developed remarkably over time to protect individuals against racism of any kind. This report will set the briny argument of why this has become an integral part for our society with respect to social analysis.

Business and Management Dictionary

As defined by the dictionary, Goal is the purpose toward which end is directed. It is an end of ones journey through life or the finish line of the race. Like in a project or a product line venture, one must have the goal so that he butt end pick the best and strategic planning tool to be practise through it. Therere so many strategies one can use in achieving his objective, however, SWOT Analysis had gone a long elan in helping businesses (small or big) be to a greater extent fulfilled. Its easy to deal with as long as he can define the call STRENGTH, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITY, THREATS, and can reach to a desired end state or objective.As defined in a Business and Management Dictionary Strengths are the belongings of the organization that are utile to achieving the objective. Ones personal power that is capable of attaining the purpose of his desired outcome while putting his hands on a risk. Weaknesses are the attribute of the organization that are harmful to achieving the o bjective. It makes ones control of the plan be disabled if it can penetrate the satisfying idea of the venture. This may go further if he cannot design better-technique from overcoming it.It is an attitude most human possesses as defect, but he can choose not to be too overwhelmed by its attack by controlling all his ideas and perform excellent processes to go with the strength of his venture. Opportunities are the external conditions that are helpful to achieving the objective. In this strategy, identifying subsequent steps makes the techniques be planned well. If one can see the opportunity passing by his way, to accommodate it is neither a offensive nor a waste of time. Its a good requirement in making the venture be more visible and thriving. It may just be an experience or a total shot for the business.He wouldnt regret by not taking it because he can actually grab and use it as an asset for his goal. Threats are the external conditions that are harmful to achieving the obje ctive. This can be an indication of an impending danger of growing project or business. However, he can manage and ensure that this condition would be solved, avoid from failing and wont affect any of his strong foundation if he can be too determined, willing to do all the necessary steps and risks he has at the start of his journey. Of course, better characteristics in e really way his business and life go doubles up the result, to a better and effective performance.Being in a business or any venture is a very risky yet challenging endeavor a man can experience through life. Like life, if we would not, should not, could not give our best shot to it, accordingly we may fail. By this, the hardships, sweats, tears, and blood we just invested in winning the race will just be all gone. It may be re-established, be successful as any other big companies in the world this time only if we can be stronger, more knowledgeable and willing to incorporate more on the strategic planning model of the SWOT Analysis. Besides, LIFE IS SWEETER THE SECOND TIME AROUND.

Greed and the Seven Deadly Sins

avariciousness is cardinal of the most deadly pitfulnesss and there are three forms greed. cupidity is the most affiliated sin in the valet we see eeryday a person wanting more money, power, or goods. This sin is one of the most commonly depicted sin in the world the make movie, TV shows, and songs round this sin. Shows like Ameri target Greed describe state that commit this sin almost everyday commonwealth like Henry Jones, Albert Gonzalez, and Scott Rothstein these people committed this sin everyday of their keep to so umteen people and hurt them so much that they are now in a hole they will neer climb out of in their lifetime. Greed for PowerThis type of greed if for power over something or someone in the upmost way of any form of ruling. The kings of a untaught would be a prime font of this kind of greed King George III would be a great example of this type of greed. He was king during the American Revolution he fought so hard to keep restrain over the American co lonies that drove him insane. The American people fought back to gain the power to modulate their knowledge country. We see in history that almost every country in history fought for power to govern themselves. In this since of greed everyone in history has the greed of power everyone wants the power that no one ever keeps.Greed for Money This form of greed is the most commonly seen through history every block in history you will see a person that has this greed of money in many forms. Bill Gates is a prime example for this type of greed he in his life would buy a program and then would take this program and turn it in to what we know as Window DOS and then in to the Windows operating systems. This idea that Bill had made him millions he turn a deal he made for $50,000 in to millions making him one of the riches people on earth. But, still he wants more money to fund his lifestyle that he is so use to living. Greed for GoodsThis type of greed is a remove to own goods to feel po werful. China as a country is a prime example they feel if they provide the world with cheap items they can strain the worlds economy. China provides around 65 percent of the items in the United States stores in this day and age, they run most of our economy as is it stands. China can make these items for a cheaper rate then we can make the item in this country so we go and buy these items from China instead of making it our self. The US doing this is fueling China greed for power over goods. This is GreedGreed alone is one of the most committed sin in this world we do it almost every day in some since of the word. The three types of greed make no difference when you say whether or not you committed the sin of greed or not. Whether you are power hunger, money hunger or in the need for greed of goods, you still are a greedy person. Greed is greed whether you want to say it or not America is a very greedy country. This world is a greedy world we sound in, everywhere you go all you s ee is greed.

Euthensia

publications REVIEW ON mercy k hardshiping Subbmitted by Mayank Grover 19/053 Sec B PGDM-1 Euthanasia Euthanasia (from the Greek meaning good death( well or good) + (death)) refers to the practice of intentionally stopping pointing a bread and butter in order to relieve pain and suffering. There argon different mercy killing laws in each(prenominal) country. The Ho hold of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics of England defines mercy killing as a give intervention under(a)taken with the express intention of terminateing a sp proficientliness, to relieve intractable suffering. In the Netherlands, mercy killing is understood as termination of support by a doctor at the request of a affected role.Wreen, offered a six mathematical function definition Person A committed an act of mercy killing if and only if (1) A killed B or let her die (2) A intended to kill B (3) the intention specified in (2) was at least partial cause of the effect specified in (1) (4) the causa l journey from the intention specified in (2) to the action specified in (1) is more or less in accordance with As plan of action (5) As killing of B is a voluntary action (6) the motive for the action specified in (1), the motive standing behind the intention specified in (2), is the good of the person killed.The definition offered by the Oxford English Dictionary incorporates suffering as a incumbent condition, with the painless killing of a enduring suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irr incessantlysible coma. History According to the historian N. D. A. Kemp, the origin of the contemporary debate on euthanasia started in 1870. Nevertheless, euthanasia was debated and practiced long before that date. Euthanasia was practised in Ancient Greece and capital of Italy for example, hemlock was employed as a mean of hastening death on the island of Kea, a technique too employed in Marseilles and by Socrates in Athens.Euthanasia, in the sense of the deliberate h astening of a persons death, was supported by Socrates, Plato and Seneca the Elder in the ancient world, although Hippocrates appears to slang spoken against the practice, writing I will non bring down a deadly drug to please manyone, nor give advice that may cause his death (noting there is many debate in the literature about whether or not this was intended to encompass euthanasia). Euthanasia was strongly opposed in the Judeo-Christian tradition.Thomas Aquinas opposed some(prenominal) and argued that the practice of euthanasia contradicted our essential human instincts of survival. As did Francois Ranchin (15651641), a French physician and professor of medicine, and Michael Boudewijns (16011681), a physician and teacher. Nevertheless, there were voices present for euthanasia, much(prenominal) as John Donne in 1624, and euthanasia continued to be practiced. Suicide and euthanasia were more acceptable under Protestantism and during the Age of Enlightenment, and Thomas mo re wrote of euthanasia in Utopia, although it is not clear if More was intending to endorse the practice.Other cultures eat up taken different approaches for example, in Japan felo-de-se has not traditionally been viewed as a sin, and accordingly the perceptions of euthanasia be different from those in other parts of the world. sorting of euthanasia Euthanasia may be categorize according to whether a person gives cognizant take to into three types voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary. There is a debate within the medical and bioethics literature about whether or not the non-voluntary (and by extension, involuntary) killing of patients backside be regarded as euthanasia, irrespective of intent or the patients circumstances.In the definitions offered by Beauchamp & Davidson and, later, by Wreen, consent on the part of the patient was not considered to be one of their criteria, although it may have been required to justify euthanasia. However, others see consent as essenti al. Voluntary euthanasia Euthanasia conducted with the consent of the patient is termed voluntary euthanasia. Active voluntary euthanasia is legal in Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Passive voluntary euthanasia is legal throughout the U. S. per Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health.When the patient brings about his or her own death with the avail of a physician, the term assisted suicide is often used instead. Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland and the U. S. states of Oregon, Washington and Montana. Non-voluntary euthanasia Euthanasia conducted where the consent of the patient is unavailable is termed non-voluntary euthanasia. Examples include child euthanasia, which is illegal oecumenic but de wickedized under certain specific circumstances in the Netherlands under the Groningen Protocol. Involuntary euthanasiaEuthanasia conducted against the will of the patient is termed involuntary euthanasia. Passive euthanasia Passive euthanasia entails the withhold ing of common interferences, such as antibiotics, necessary for the continuance of life. Active euthanasia Active euthanasia entails the use of fatal substances or forces, such as administering a lethal injection, to kill and is the most controversial means. Legal status Wests encyclopaedia of American Law states that a mercy killing or euthanasia is generally considered to be a criminal homicide and is normally used as a synonym of homicide committed at a request make by the patient.The judicial sense of the term homicide includes any intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, even to relieve intractable suffering. Not all homicide is unlawful. Two designations of homicide that carry no criminal penalty are justifiable and excusable homicide. In most countries this is not the status of euthanasia. The term euthanasia is ordinarily confined to the active variety the University of Washington website states that euthanasia generally means that the physic ian would act straight off, for character by giving a lethal injection, to end the patients life.Physician-assisted suicide is thus not classified as euthanasia by the US State of Oregon, where it is legal under the Oregon Death with self-regard Act, and despite its name, it is not legally classified as suicide either. Unlike physician-assisted suicide, withholding or withdrawing critical treatments with patient consent (voluntary) is almost unanimously considered, at least in the United States, to be legal. The use of pain medication in order to relieve suffering, even if it hastens death, has been held as legal in several(prenominal) court decisions.Some governments around the world have legalized voluntary euthanasia but generally it form as a criminal homicide. In the Netherlands and Belgium, where euthanasia has been legalized, it still remains homicide although it is not prosecuted and not guilty if the perpetrator (the doctor) meets certain legal exceptions. Legal Status in INDIA Passive euthanasia is legal in India. On 7 March 2011 the Supreme Court of India legalised unresisting euthanasia by means of the insularity of life support to patients in a permanent vegetative state.The decision was made as part of the verdict in a case involving Aruna Shanbaug, who has been in a vegetative state for 37 geezerhood at King Edward Memorial Hospital. The high court rejected active euthanasia by means of lethal injection. In the absence of a law regulating euthanasia in India, the court tell that its decision becomes the law of the land until the Indian parliament enacts a suitable law. Active euthanasia, including the system of lethal compounds for the purpose of ending life, is still illegal in India, and in most countries. Aruna Shanbaug caseAruna Shanbaug was a shield working at the KEM Hospital in Mumbai on 27 November 1973 when she was strangled and sodomized by Sohanlal Walmiki, a sweeper. During the blast she was strangled with a chain, and th e deprivation of oxygen has left her in a vegetative state ever since. She has been treated at KEM since the incident and is kept alive by feeding tube. On behalf of Aruna, her friend Pinki Virani, a social activist, filed a petition in the Supreme Court arguing that the continued existence of Aruna is in violation of her right to live in dignity. The Supreme Court made its decision on 7 March 2011.The court rejected the plea to discontinue Arunas life support but issued a set of broad guidelines legalizing passive euthanasia in India. The Supreme Courts decision to reject the discontinuation of Arunas life support was based on the fact the hospital staff who treat and take care of her did not support euthanizing her. Supreme Court decision While rejecting Pinki Viranis plea for Aruna Shanbaugs euthanasia, the court laid out guidelines for passive euthanasia. According to these guidelines, passive euthanasia involves the withdrawing of treatment or food that would allow the patient to live.Forms of active euthanasia, including the administration of lethal compounds, are legal in a number of nations and jurisdictions, including Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as the US states of Washington and Oregon, but they are still illegal in India. The Euthanasia Global Issue. Recently, the phrase doctor-assisted-suicide has been added to the euthanasia vocabulary. Acting in accord with the patients adjurees, a physician provides the terminally ill individual with lethal medication. The patient decides when to take the medication, so that the physician does not participate directly in the death.Of course, rational, but severely invalid patients, such as those in the final stages of ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), are automatically eliminated from this mode of death because they are not able to take medication without assistance. In countries where suicide and assisted suicide are against the law, doctor-assisted-suicide would not be tolerated. Re cently, plastic-bag-death has received some publicity. Plastic-bag-death permits a terminally ill patient to commit suicide without incriminating others.The patient is supplied with sleeping pills, perhaps a glass of alcohol, such as vodka, to enhance the force of the sleeping potions, an airtight plastic bag large enough to fit comfortably over the head, a dust mask, and an elastic band. The provider leaves the premises. The patient, now alone, swallows the sleeping tablets, drinks the alcohol, dons the dust mask (to keep the plastic from adhering to the spill and nose), pulls the plastic bag over the head and secures it with the elastic band around the neck. Any temporary cellular respiration discomfort can be alleviated by extending the rubber band to permit air to enter.Ultimately, the patient falls asleep and dies quietly by asphyxiation. Ethical Issues Moral, ethical and religious issues pertaining to euthanasia embrace subjects as diverse as patient autonomy, quality of li fe, sanctity of life, death with dignity, patients rights, and playing God. Medical personnel and their patients, both old and young, wrestle with problems associated with treatment futility, informed choice, right-to-die, autonomy versus paternalism, beneficence versus maleficence, and so on, each of which impacts, either directly or indirectly, on the issue of euthanasia.What is most important in any discussion of global euthanasia is the recognition of the varied ethnic, national and religious differences to be found and respected in communities throughout the world. At the same time, the ethical issues that are raised by the subject of euthanasia are all encompass and include the following 1. Patient Autonomy In democratic countries, where individual freedom to subscribe to is accredited as a civil right, end-of-life decisions should be made, primarily, by the patient.Self-determinism pays respect to an individuals personal values and enables the individual to be responsible for his or her own life. To deny competent individuals, and in particular sr.ly persons, the right to choose not only denies respect for their lifetimes of decision making but smacks of medical paternalism. Obviously, attitudes towards the process of dying will vary. Religious and cultural traditions including local customs will tend to dictate patterns to be followed. However, the empowerment of the elder and recognition of the elders personal values must not be denied.In most countries, however, aged patients who wish to exercise their autonomy and choose immediate death over lingering death, are denied their right to choose. 2. certified Choice, Informed Consent Patient autonomy automatically includes the right to full development concerning the nature and discipline of the terminal illness, the choices for treatment that remain, the anticipated consequences of each form of treatment, and what will occur if the patient refuses treatment. Such information is often withheld fr om the elderly person.Paternalistic physicians may seek to shield the elderly patient from the truth or from a full evaluation of a terminal disease in the belief that the elderly are less able than younger persons to handle troublesome information. When medical personnel conclude that further treatment is futile and that nothing can be done to stop the progress of the disease, all competent patients, including elderly patients, need to be fully informed. Only then can the informed patient make an informed choice between alternate treatments and comprehend the consequences of choosing no treatment.Informed choice also provides the terminally ill patient with time and opportunity to make closure with those who matter most. 3. Playing God Sanctity of Life, eccentric of Life For some, the sanctity-of-life thesis rests upon the theological argument that life is a gift or a impart from God and that only God should determine when that gift or loan should be returned. Those who seek to e nd their life are, therefore, playing God. The thesis has been challenged for not every person will accept a theological interpretation of life. Sanctity of life may argue biologically.Each human life marks the end product of millions of years of evolution. Each person is absolutely unique, with a personal DNA and a lived life that can never be duplicated. As a one-of-a-kind individual life, the preciousness and sanctity of that existence is to be honored and revered. However, as we shall see below, some are born with defective genes. An encephalic infant will have a life span of a few hours or a few days. Nothing can be done to replace the missing brain. The infant will automatically die. In most instances, the young is place in an isolation unit, receiving a minimal amount of care.Sustaining nourishment and health care is taciturn for infants who will survive. Neither God nor nature provides for us equally. Conclusion Euthanasia is morally permissible under certain circumstances . It is also believe that people should be given the choice to voluntarily ask for some assistance in ending their own lives. We know that if we were dying with a terminal illness or even if we had some sort crippling disease we would at least like to have the right to choose my own fate. People do not see any arguments that prove to me that it should be revile in a moral and legal standpoint to actively and voluntarily ask for euthanasia.

Human Physical Appearance and Women Essay

Through erupt these moments in time, the term saucer has slipped out of control and blend in something utterly dissimilar. The significance of dish aerial has developed into something so unappealing, so unpleasant, so repugnant, that so far now society is coming to the apprehension that the delegacy they atomic number 18 portraying the description of beaut is erroneous. everywhere time, beauty has evolved to something rather peripheral. Being exquisite is turning into an undesirable act, that most girls will go into extremes, scantily to get a sense of come uping beautiful. Although beauty is now considered something by which your looks will define, during Greek clock beauty was a virtue a kind of excellence. Persons then were assumed to be what we now have to call lamely, enviously whole souls. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a persons inside and outside, they expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the early(a) kind (313, Sontag ). Nevertheless, there was once a time where beauty was interpreted or described as something internal, unlike now, beauty goes more towards the looks.Beautiful people have lots going on for them. They are more confident, make more money, and get promoted faster than their less attractive colleagues. But for the career goaded women, beauty is a no-win situation the public wants you to be attractive, but, at the same time, not so beautiful that it is off-putting. People might say that looks shouldnt matter, but in the real world, they do. Women try so hard to look their best, and at the same time, thumb their best. Women struggle a lot in exhausting to vista in to what society teachs as being beautiful.Women nowadays alter their body parts, faces, and their diets in identify to feel satisfied with themselves. A universal obsession that girls have been approaching with is that that they moldiness be postulate to look a certain way to be thought of as pretty. Girls look up to cel ebrities and models and see how skinny, scrawny, almost skeletal, and undernourished they are and they get this idea that they must look like that in set up to be noticed. A widespread trend that has been going around has been that of the name anorexia and bulimia.Starving yourself, or eating excessively and then purging girls see it as something they must do in order to feel good or so themselves. They glimpse these famous figures with their collarbones showing, thigh gaps, small waists, and they get this state of mind that they must achieve that to feel beautiful. Society and mass media are barraging women with discovers that portray what is considered to be the ideal body. much(prenominal) standards of beauty are almost completely unrealizable for most women a majority of the models displayed on television and in advertisements are well below what is considered rubicund body weight.Mass medias use of such wild models sends an implicit message that in order for a mulieb rity to be considered beautiful, she must be unhealthy. And this is what beauty is defined as in our time. consistence image is a complicated aspect of the self-concept that concerns an individuals perceptions and feelings about their body and physical appearance. Females of all ages seem to be so vulnerable in this area, jump off in their pre-teen years, going along throughout their existence. Body dissatisfaction is something that goes through most women or new-made girls at some point in their lives.Females have been found to experience dissatisfaction with physical appearance at a much higher rate than males, and women of all ages and sizes display body image disturbance. Concern everywhere weight and appearance related issues often surfaces in a womans early life. Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating patterns have been found to be an especially prevalent issue in boyish and college females. Body image becomes a major issue as females go through puberty girls in mid-a dolescence frequently report being dissatisfied with weight, fearing further weight gain, and being preoccupied with weight loss.This is a problem that we are now facing, and because of this many an(prenominal) girls are suffering and going through difficult times, juts to feel good about themselves. The 20th century has seen a huge upsurge in the importance move by Western society on physical beauty, particularly for women. The fashion, cosmetics and plastic surgery industries have thrived on 20th century preoccupation with physical appearance. It is a preoccupation that affects women in every sphere, whether they choose to coddle to it or not.Definitions of beauty in the 20th century, when referring to human physicalbeauty, are nearly always constructed in terms of outward appearance and sexual attractiveness. Images in the media today project an unrealistic and even terrible standard of feminine beauty that can have a powerful influence on the way women view themselves. From the perspective of the mass media, thinness is idealized and expected for women to be considered attractive. Images in advertisements, television, and music ordinarily portray the ideal woman as tall, white, and thin, with a tubular body, and blonde hair.This representation that is being visualized has been a vast difficulty that girls are coming across of. They dont feel beautiful, and so altering their ways of eating and the way they look very drastically in order to fit in. Only a very small percentage of women in Western countries meet the criteria the media uses to define beautiful yet so many women are repeatedly candid to media images that send the message that a woman is not acceptable and attractive if she does not match societys ultra-thin standard of beauty.In new years, womens body sizes have grown larger, while societal standards of body shape have become much thinner. This discrepancy has made it increasingly difficult for most women to achieve the current socioc ultural ideal. Such a standard of perfection is unrealistic and even dangerous. Many of the models shown on television, advertisements, and in other forms of popular media are approximately 20% below ideal body weight, thus meeting the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa. look for has repeatedly shown that constant exposure to thin models fosters body image concerns and disordered eating in many females.Almost all forms of the media contain unrealistic images, and the invalidating effects of such idealistic portrayals have been show in numerous studies. The mass medias depiction of women portrays a standard of beauty that is unrealistic and unattainable for a majority of women in society. Models shown in all forms of popular media are often under what is considered healthy body weight, which sends a powerful message that women must sacrifice their health to be considered attractive by societal standards.The negative effects of ultra-thin media images of women have been well documented research has shown that females who are repeatedly exposed to and internalize the thin ideal are at greater risk to develop body image disturbance and eating pathology. Although it is clear that the media influences the way women view themselves, it is unclear how this process takes place. The social comparison theory, kitchen-gardening theory, and self-schema theory can be used to examine how media images of women come to affect the way women feel about their bodies and physical appearance.These perspectives also give some explanation for why some women show resilience to the negative effects of the media, while others are dramatically impacted. Nevertheless, beauty has become something rather disturbing and unwell. The image of beauty has been portrayed onto something so popularized that mostly all women around the world are being affected by it. Women are changing their ways and changing themselves to feel as if they fit in to what society expects of it. spectator i s still evolving, and is changing throughout the time, not for the better but for the worst.