Types Of Trade Unions Commerce Essay

Types Of grapple Unions Commerce EssayA distri b arlye unification is an organization of employees organize on a continuous basis for the purpose of securing diverse range of benefits. It is a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining and improving the conditions of their working lives. parcel come out union means combination, whether temporary or permanent, formed(i) primarily for the purpose of regulating the relation between (a) workmen and employers, or (b) between workmen and workmen, or (c) between employers and employers, or(ii) for imposing restrictive conditions and the conduct of any administer or business, and includes any federation of two or more treat unions.TYPES OF TRADE UNIONSSince the growth of unions ar spontaneous and automatic there is no definite circleification that is followed all over the country. However for clear gaps of differentiation the unions pull in been classified into the hobby categories.industrial unionsIndu strial unionism is a labor union organizing method through which all doers in the same industry are organized into the same union-regardless of dexterity or heap-thus giving workers in one industry, or in all industries, more leverage in bargaining and in strike situations.For workout- FireBrigadeUnion the content Union of Miners (N.U.M), covering workers at all aims in the hierarchyb) General unions.A General Union is a calling union which represents workers from all industries and companies, or else than just one organization or a air divisionicular sector, as in a craft union or industrial unionFor example- Indian National wad Union Congress (INTUC) cleaners, clerical staff, transport workersC) Craft unions.Craft unionism refers to organizing a labor union in a agency that seeks to unify workers in a particular industry along the lines of the particular craft or switch over that they work in by class or skill level. It contrasts humourh industrial unionism, in which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union, regardless of differences in skill.For example histrion UnionsD) White Collars Union These are for white-collar (or professional) workers who perform the same or similar tasks in different industries. It represents office workersFor example. National Union of Teachers archivesThe seeds for the development of wiliness union in India were sown with the growth of industrialization. As the pityingitarian movement came to India in the 19th century, worker groups made several attempts to correct their working conditions. The British introduced this movement in India to divide Indian employers and employees and beat local anaesthetic competition.Attempts were also made to eradicate child travail in India. The British Government was finally compel conduct to pass a resolution against employing children between the ages of seven to twelve for more than nine hours a day.The trade unionism in India substantial quite th ickly as compared to the western nations.So far as the question of formation and development of allot Unions in India is concerned, its necessity was realised from 1875 forward by philanthropists, social workers similar Shri Soirabji Shapaji Bengalle and Shri N.M. Lokhandey.Indian Trade Union movement can be divided into three phases.The starting time Phase (1850 to1900)During this phase the pedigree of trade unions took place. During this period, the working and living conditions of the labour were poor and their working hours were long. Capitalists were and interested in their productivity and profitability. In addition, the wages were also low and ordinary economic conditions were poor in industries. Efforts towards organizing the workers were made during the early period of industrial development on humanitarian grounds.In order to regulate the working hours and separate avail conditions of the Indian stuff labourers the Indian F motionories bet was consecrateed in 1 881. As a result, employment of child labour was prohibited.The growth of trade union movement was slow in this phase and later on the Indian Factory Act of 1881 was amended in 1891. Many strikes took place in the two decades following 1880 in all industrial cities. These strikes taught workers to beneathstand the power of united action even though there was no union in real terms. Small associations similar Bombay Mill-Hands linkup came up by this time.The Second Phase (1900 to 1946)This phase was characterized by the development of organized trade unions and political movements of the working class. A few trade unions like The Printers Union, Calcutta (1905) the Bombay Postal Union (1907) etc were formed. Between 1918 and 1923, many unions came into foundation in the country. At Ahmedabad, infra the guidance of Mahatma Gandhi, occupational unions like spinners unions and weavers unions were formed. A strike was launched by these unions under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi w ho turned it into a satyagrah. These unions federated into industrial union known as cloth Labour Association in 1920. In 1920, the prototypal National Trade union organization (The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)) was realized. Many of the leaders of this organization were leaders of the guinea pig Movement. In 1926, Trade union law came up with the efforts of Mr. N.M Joshi that became operative from 1927. During 1928, All India Trade Union Federation (AITUF) was formed. Besides Gandhi, the Whitly Commission on Labour in India (1929-31) had also pointed out that the Modem industrialism is itself of western importation and the difficulties which it creates for labour in India are similar to the difficulties it has created elsewhere. In these conditions the Commission realised that it is power to combine that labour has the only inwardnessive forethought against exploitation and the only lasting security against inhuman conditions. Moreover the Commission did not find an evidence of any alternative remedy that is likely to dig up effective. So it emphasised that the need of organisation among Indian workmen is great and it further recommended that nothing but a strong Trade Union movement provide give the Indian working class adequate protection.The Third Phase (After 1947)The third phase began with the emergence of independent India (in 1947). The partition of country affected the trade union movement particularly Bengal and Punjab. The Planning Commission drafted its first five dollar bill yr plan, setting therein necessary targets of production industrial as strong as agricultural to be achieved during the next five years. For having industrial advancement, Industrial Policy Resolution in 1948, was also prepared. As the economic progress is cringe up with the Industrial peace so for the successful implementation of the plans, particularly in the economy organised for planned production and distribution, the co-operation from Trade Unions was considered absolutely necessary at different stages of the execution of the plans. Accordingly, it was realised that the question of maintenance of smooth industrial relations was not a matter between employers and employees alone. But it was a vital concern of the community. Therefore their relationship has to be of a partnership in this constructive endeavour. This was the reason why it was provided in the first five year plan that the dignity of labour must be recognised so that the workers who on account of hardships of illiteracy and ignorance and lack of opportunities know not been able to trick as effective a role in the working of industry as they should, could understand and carry out their responsibility and could take an increasing division in the industry. Accordingly the workers right of association, organisation and collective bargaining was accepted and it was laid down in this plan that they (Trade unions) should be welcomed and helped to function as part an d parcel of the industrial administration. The necessity of Trade Unions was so much considered that no difference between the workers working in privately owned industries or in publicly owned industries was made.By 1949, four commutation trade union organizations were functioning in the countryThe All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)The Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC)The Hindu Mazdoor Sangh (HMS)The United Trade Union Congress (UTUC)The working class movement was also politicized along the lines of political parties. For instance Indian national trade Union Congress (INTUC) is the trade union arm of the Congress party. The AITUC is the trade union arm of the Communist Party of India. Besides workers, white-collar employees, supervisors and managers are also organized by the trade unions, as for example in the Banking, Insurance and Petroleum industries.OBJECTIVEThe objectives of the trade unions primarily areI . They strive for achieving higher wages and bust co nditions for the members.2. They not only minimize the helplessness of the individual workers by making them stand conjointly and increasing their resistance power through collective bargaining but also protect their member against victimization or injustice of the employers.3. They provide the worker self confidence and a feeling that they are not simply a log in the machine.4. They imbibe a spirit of sincerity and sort out in the workers5. They also take up public assistance measures for improving the morale of the workers.6. They demand an increasing share for workers in the management of industrial enterprises. They help in raising the status of workers as partners of Industry and as citizens of the society.This is another important area, which has a great impact on the industrial relations system. Labour enactment has been instrumental in shaping the course of industrial relations in India. Establishment of social justice has been the principle, which has guided the origin a nd development of labour legislation in India. The setting up of the International Labour Organization gave an impetus to the consideration of welfare and working conditions of the workers all over the world and also led to the growth of labour laws in all parts of the world, including 1ndia4. Some of the other factors which gave impetus to the development of labour laws in India were the Swaraj Movement of 192 1 -24 and the appointment of the kinglike Commission on Labour in 1929. The labour laws regulate not only the conditions of work of industrial establishments, but also industrial relations, payment of wages, accommodation of trade unions, certification of standing orders etc. In addition, they provide social security measures for workers. They desire legal rights and obligations of employees and employers and also provide guidelines for their relationship.In India, all laws spring from the constitution of India. Under the constitution, Labour is a concurrent subject, i..e ., both the central and state governments can enact labour legislation, with the cla enjoyment that the state legislature cannot enact a law which is repugnant to the central law. A rough estimate places the total number of enactments in India to be around 160.Workers ParticipationWith the outbreak of First World War, countries like England, France, West Germany and USA experienced an industrial upheaval largely because labor was regarded as a commodity of commerce which was exploited to its maximum. Because of the unrest they recognized the fact that labor is not a commodity to be sold at a price, but should be treated as human beings having capacity to grow and accept responsibility as citizens.A worker wants to participate in the affairs of the industry and contribute to the effectiveness of the co-operative enterprise to which he belongs.The human relations philosophy popularized by Elton Mayo gave the importance of human factor in the organization. Man is not purely an economi c animal but a member of the group sharing its norms and goals.Workers appointment aimed at giving the workers a feeling of having a place of their own in the social construction of the country, ultimately providing a social base. The humanitarian approach to labor brought about a mod set of values, both for the workers and employers power has been replaced by persuasion, authoritarianism by democracy and compulsion by co-operation.It is quite logical that people have right to choose their own government, has right to choose the management of the enterprise to which they belong. It rests on fundamental premise that the worker is not a slave who has no rights at all, he is a citizen employed in an industry and has opinions of his own which should be taken into account while formulating the policies and making decisions.The factory is not a mechanical entity which is governed by mechanical principles and economic laws, but a social system which is subject to democratic rights of th ose who are involved in it.In India, Mahatma Gandhi had already launched the idea of trusteeship after the First World War, and some experiments had followed in the Ahmedabad textile mills. After independence, the Government of India consolidated tripartism and created consultativeforums.The various types of involvement with employees varied greatly, though, as severalorganizations established different practices in India. Information-sharing, suggestionschemes, consultation and, only in a few cases, co-determination or participation in its truesense, exist in many organizations.IssuesThe issues on which workers or employees are to be consulted have also variedwidely. Broadly speaking, the range of issues in any enterprise on which decisions need tobe taken from time to time can be classified under five major headsSafety and Welfare issuesWork-Related issues (production on the shop floor, quality, machine maintenance)Sharing of gains (wages, incentives, allowances)Production-related issues (product-mix, plant production targets, technology) andBusiness policy (expansion, contraction, pricing).Workers participation is system of communication and consultation, either formal or informal, by which employees of an organization are kept informed about affairs of the undertaking and through which they speak their opinion and contribute to management decisions. It is based on the principles of equity, equality and voluntarism. It gives employees representatives the right to criticize, to offer constructive suggestions, and to grow aware of various delicate issues involved in decision-making. The participation enhances employees ability to influence, decision-making at different levels of the organizational hierarchy with assumption of responsibility.Participation Refers to mental emotional involvement of Workers in unions activities it is more behaviorist kinda than an attitudinal concept.Indicators of participations1-participation in unions elections2- social ra nk enrolment subscription3-membership on union committees4-Attending unions meetings5-Involvement in unions welfare social responsibility functions.Factors influencing WP in Unions1-The type of leadership is available in unions2-the history of labour management relations in a plant3-the age, experience, skills educations, caste, employment of workers.4- the style of supervision, motivation, morale, wage structure in the industry.5-Welfare measures fringe benefits available to workers.Advantages of W.P in Unions1-W.P in unions activities gives solidarity effectivity to the unions.2-It helps in developing leadership from the rank ensures a strong bargaining power.3- it checks the tendency on the part of selected leaders to become all powerful by a vigilant participative membership.4-It is essential not only from the viewpoint of betterment of unions leaders but for the very success of trade unionism.Employers AssociationsEffectiveness of any industrial relations system whether based on legislation or voluntary arrangements, depends to a great extent on the attitude that unions and employers organizations adopt towards each other.The design in covering employers organizations under the Trade unions Act, 1926 was to place both workers and employers organizations on a par in matters of rights and responsibilities.the principal of giving equal representation to detonating device and labour on all consultative bodies like the Indian Labour Conference, Standing Labour Committee and industrial committees recognizes this basic tenet in the employer- employee relationship.Functions conversationAdvisory FunctionsEducational EffortsRepresentational FunctionsFunctions of Social ResponsibilitiesTRADE UNION ACT, 1926The Trade Unions Act was passed in 1926 under the title of the Indian Trade unions Act and was brought into effect from 1st June 1927. The act was amended in 1947, 1960 and 1962. Subsequently, the word Indian was deleted from the amended Act of 1964, whi ch came into force from 1st April 1965.Objectives of ActTerms and conditions ask for trade unions to become officially registered.Responsibilities expected from a registered trade union.Rights and liabilities of registered trade unionsApplicability of the ActThe Act extends to the whole of India. The act was extended to Jammu Kashmir by the Central Labour Laws Act 1970 with effect from 1st September 1971.The Act applies not only to the unions of workers but also to the associations of employers.The Act is a central legislation, but it is administered and enforced mostly by state governments. For the purpose of this act, the Central government handles the cases of only those unions whose activities are not confined to one state. All other unions are the concern of state governments. The registrars of trade unions are appointed both by the central and state governments. They can also appoint additional or Deputy Registrars who may exercise the powers and functions of the Registrars, as they think fit so as to obviate delays in the disposal of coatings for the registration of trade unions.Scope(a) Only persons engaged in Trade or Business (which includes an Industry) can form a trade union or become members of the trade union. As such persons employed in Raj Bhawan for domestic and other duties cannot form a trade union. Likewise, the government servants engaged in the task of sovereign and legal functions are not entitled to the registration of a trade union.(b) The Trade Unions Act 1926 applies to the whole of Indian Union.(c) Any person who has attained the age of 15 years may become the member of a registered trade union.Functions of UnionsThe functions of unions include intramural, extramural and political. Intramural functions are those activities which are at the betterment of needs of workers in relation to their employment such as ensuring adequate wages, securing better conditions of work, rest interval, continuity of employment etc.Extramural activi ties are those which perform to help the workers in times of need and improve their efficiency. They also include welfare measures and conduct recreational functions for the workers. The history of trade unionism in the country records profound effects of political leaders. The route of action, the concentration of work moves from workers to a more universal area- politics. In India most of the unions are politically affiliated or have strong support of leading political parties of the country. Thus the trade unions use their franchise to capture the government which indirectly results in acquiring stronger hold of power through political influence for their trade union.PenaltiesA. Failure to submit returns ( partition 31) Section 31 of The Trade Union Act, 1926 states about the penalties on failure to submit returns by registered Trade Union. It contains,(1) If default is made on the part of any registered Trade Union in giving any notice or air outing any statement or other docum ent as required by or under any provision of this Act, every (office-bearer) or other person bound by the rules of the Trade Union to give or send the same .Again, if there is no such or person, every member of the executive of the Trade Union, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five rupees and in the case of a continuing default, with an additional fine which may extend to five rupees for each week after the first during which the default continues and provided that the gather fine shall not exceed fifty rupees.(2) Any person who willfully makes, or causes to be made, any false entry in, or any inadvertence from the general statement required by section 28, or in or form any copy of rules or of alterations of rules sent to the Registrar under that Section, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees.B. Supplying false information regarding Trade Union(Section 32)Any person who, wit use to deceive, gives to any member of a registered Trade Union or to any document purporting or applying to become a member of such Trade Union, any document purporting to be a copy of the rules of the Trade Union or of any alterations to the same which he knows, or has reason to believe, is not a correct copy of such rules or alterations as are for the time being in force.On the other hand, any person who, with the like intent gives a copy of any rules of an unregistered Trade Union to any person on the pretence that such rules are the rules of a registered Trade Union, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to two hundred rupees.C. Cognizance of offence (Section 33)(1) No court inferior to that of a Presidency Magistrate or a Magistrate of the first class shall try any offence under this Act.(2) No court shall take cognizance of any offence under this Act unless electric charge thereof has been made by or with the previous sanction 32, by the person to whom the copy was given, within six months of the date on which the offence is so-called to have been committed.Provisions of the ActThe main provisions of the act relate to1. Definition2. Registration of trade unions3. Duties and liabilities of registered trade unions4. Rights and privileges of registered trade unions.5. Amalgamation and dissolution of trade unions.6. Submission of returns7. Penalties and fines.8. Power to make regulations.Registration ApplicationApplicationAny seven or more members of a Trade union may, by subscribing their names to the rules of the trade union and by otherwise complying with the provisions of this Act with respect to registration, apply for registration of the trade union under this Act.RegistrationEvery application for registration of a Trade union shall be made to theRegistrar, and shall be accompanied by copy of the rules of the trade union and a statement of the following particulars namely(a) The names, occupations and addresses of the members making the application(b) The name of the trade union and the address of its Head Office and(c) The titles, names, ages, addresses and occupations of the office bearers of the trade union.The Trade Unions Act Does Not ask1. Any agreement between partners as to their own business2. Any agreement between an employer and those employed by him as to such employment or3. Any agreement in consideration of the sale of the goodwill of a business or of instruction in any profession, trade or handicraft. active TRADE UNIONSAt present there are 10 Central Trade Union Organizations in IndiaAll India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)It was established in 1920 as a result of a resolution passed by the organized workers of Bombay and the delegates which met in a conference on 31 October 1920. It was go to by such first rank political leaders as Motilal Nehru, MA Jinnae, Mrs. Annie Besant and Vallabhai Patel and Col. Wedgewood on behalf of the British Trade Union Congress. The first president was Lala Lajpat Rai.Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS)This union has been the ter minus of the decision taken by the Jana Sangh in its convention at Bhopal on 23rd July, 1954.Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU)This was formed in 1970 when as a result of the rift in the AITUC some members of the Communist Party seceded.Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS)When the Socialists separated from the Congress, those who were dissatisfied with the pro-Communist policies of the INTUC formed a new organization, the Hind Mazdoor panchayat, which was merged with the Indian Federation of Labour in 1948 under the name of the Hind Mazdoor Sabha. It is an organ of the Praja Socialist Party.Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC)The INTUC came into existence on 4th May, 1948, as a result of the resolution passed on 17th November 1947, by the United Board of the Hindustan Mazdoor Sevak Sangh, which was a labour organisation working under the direction of National Congress-minded labour leaders on the Gandhian Philosophy of Sarvodaya. Since AITUC was under the stronghold of the Communists, the Congress labour leaders thought of forming a new central trade union organization.To give effect to this idea, a conference was held at New Delhi under the chairman ship of Sardar Vallabhai Patel. It was inaugurated by Shri Acharya J.B. Kripalani (on May 3, 1947) and was attended by eminent nationalist and socialist leaders.National Front of Indian Trade Unions (NFITU)This union was founded in 1967, with the claim that this is the only trade union in India which is not controlled by any of the political parties, employers or government.National Labor Organization (NLO)Trade Unions Co-ordination Centre (TUCC)Trade Union Coordination Committee is a central trade union federation in India. TUCC is politically attached to All India Forward Bloc. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, TUCC had a membership of 732760 in 2002. The general secretarial assistant is Nripendra Kumar Mahto.United Trade Union Congress (UTUC)Some trade union leaders of the socialis t bent met together in December 1948 to form a new central organisation of labour, called Hind Mazdoor Sabha. Some of the leaders did not agree with the principles and objectives of the Sabha and they therefore, again met at Calcutta on December 27, 1948, and decided to call upon a conference of trade union leaders to form a united Trade Union Committee. This Committee called for a meeting of the various leaders at Calcutta on April 30, 1949 and formed a new union under the name of United Trade Union Congress.United Trade Union Congress Lenin Sarani (UTUC LS)It is a Central Trade Union Organisation in India and the labour wing of the Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist). Presently its activities are spread over 19 states. The organisation claims to have 600 affiliated unions, comprising an individual membership of over two million. It is the 6th largest trade union in India. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, UTUC-LS had a membership of 1,368,5 35 in 2002.AFFILIATED ORGANISATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNION CONFEDERATIONHind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) 5,788,822Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) 8,200,000OriginCame into existence on 4th May 1948,as a result of the resolution passed on 17th November 1947,by the central board of the Hindustan Mazdoor Sevak Sangh.ObjectivesIt aims at the sarvodaya ideal and stands for gradual transformation of the breathing social order.It aims at establishing a socialist state in India.It aims at placing industry under national ownership and control in a adequate form in order to realise the desired order of society.Methods UsedThese strike is like a Brahmastra and is not to be resorted to in a light-hearted manner and made cheap and blunt.Political AffiliationAffiliated with the Indian Natinal Congress (the ruling party).Its relations with the government are based on the mutuality.Self-Employed Womens Association (SEWA) 1,325,752STRUCTUREThe structure of unions refers to the basis o n which unions are organised (i.e., whether they are organised on craft or industrial or general union basis) and to the pattern whereby the plant unions are linked to regional level or national level federations or unions.Unions in India are largely organised by industry rather than craft. Although industrial unionism has been the general trend, craft unions have also emerged here and there primarily, they exist among non-manual workers like administrative staff, professionals, technicians, etc. Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association is the sole example of craft union of manual workers.Another aspect of the structure of unions in India relates to their pattern of relationship between national level, regional level, local level and plant level unions.Let us see how they are related in India.Plant level UnionsThe first level in the structure from below is the plant level union. This comprises the unions in one organisation or factory. Please note that only seven members are required to form a union. This has lead to multiple unions in one factoryLocal Level federations.This is the second level in the structure from below. The local trade union federation holds together the plant level unions at the local level in a particular craft and industry. These local level federations aptitude be affiliated to either some regional level or national level federation or these may be independent.Regional level federationsThese are the organisations of all the constituent unions in a particular state or region.The importance of such federations cannot be exaggerated. In a country like India, conditions vary from region to region. The style of living, languages, customs, traditions, conditions, etc. are different. Therefore, it is better that workers are organised at regional or state level.These regional federations may have members of two kinds(1) The plant level unions affiliating themselves to these directly and(2) The local federations.In the second case, plant level unio ns become the members of regional federation indirectly through the local federations.It may be noted that the regional federations may be independent or they may get affiliated to some national federation.National federations.These are national level bodies to which plant level unions, local unions or regional level unions may get affiliated. These are the apex bodies at the top of the structure. They act as coordinating bodies. Th